- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Active Voice) present simple tense
- •Past simple tense
- •Future simple tense
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have (Affirmative Form, Active Voice) present simple tense
- •Past simple tense
- •Future simple tense
- •Shall have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36th exercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Imperative mood
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading consonants (приголосні)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle II (v3)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник (participle)
- •Форми дієприкметника Forms of Participle
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 7. Read the VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words into Ukrainian:
Cardia_; h_drochloric; c_rvature; sol_d; f_ndus; cre_te; sp_incter; prot_in; py_oric; se_ment; pu_h; st_mach; lini_g; sto_e.
Ex. 9. Read the following words:
Stomach; digestive; superior; antrum; abdomen; esophagus; fundus; curvature; pyloric; receive; sphincter; mechanical; move; allow; sufficiently; powerful; piece; secrete; pepsin; enzyme; hydrochloric; liquid; primarily; partially.
Ex. 10. Translate the following words into English:
Сфінктер; шлунок; слизова оболонка; дно; ділянка, сектор; пілоричний; виробляти, створювати; вигин; проштовхувати, штовхати; слугувати; твердий; оброблений, перероблений; берегти, зберігати.
Ex. 11. Read the following text:
Stomach
Serious investigations were being done by various scientists to establish functions and anatomical structure of the stomach. The stomach stores and mixes the ingested food. The major function of the stomach is to prepare the food chemically and mechanically so it can be received in the small intestine for further digestion and absorption into the blood. Only small amounts of such food as simple sugars, alcohol, and some medications are actually absorbed in the stomach.
The stomach is an enlarged segment of the digestive tract. It is located in the left superior portion of the abdomen. Its shape and size vary from person to person.
The opening from the esophagus into the stomach is cardiac sphincter. The region of the stomach around the cardiac sphincter is the cardiac region. The stomach consists of the fundus (upper part), the body (middle part), and the antrum (lower distal part). The largest portion of the stomach is the body, which turns to the right, thus creating a greater curvature and a lesser curvature. The body narrows to form the pyloric region, which joins the small intestine. The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is the pyloric opening, which is surrounded by a ring of smooth muscle called the pyloric sphincter. The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach. The pyloric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has been sufficiently digested.
The walls of the stomach consist of various layers of powerful muscles. The mechanical activity of these muscles breaks the food into smaller and smaller pieces. The glands of the stomach secrete gastric juice. This juice contains pepsins (digestive enzymes) and hydrochloric acid. Pepsin converts proteins into smaller substances. Hydrochloric acid is necessary for the correct action of pepsin.
Food leaves the stomach in two phases. The upper portion of the stomach contracts first, pushing the more liquid material into small intestine. The more solid food leaves later, primarily by the action of the muscles in the lower part of the stomach. The partially processed food then travels through the pyloric canal into the first portion of small intestine, the duodenum.
Ex. 12. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Enlarged segment; left superior portion; to vary from person to person; cardiac opening; antrum; ring of smooth muscles; body turns to the right; narrow; surround; the sphincter relaxes and contracts; the walls of the stomach; convert; food leaves the stomach in two phases.
Ex. 13. Translate the text "Stomach" into Ukrainian.
Structure of the Stomach |
1. Body of the stomach; 2. Fundus; 3. Anterior wall; 4. Greater curvature; 5. Lesser curvature; 6. Cardia; 9. Pyloric sphincter. 10. Pyloric antrum; 11. Pyloric canal; 12. Angular notch; 13. Gastric canal; 14. Rugal folds.
|
Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the stomach? 2. What is the cardiac sphincter? 3. What does the stomach consist of? 4. What is the largest portion of the stomach? 5. What is pyloric opening? 6. What is the pyloric sphincter? 7. What do the walls of the stomach consist of? 8. What secretes the gastric juice? 9. What substances does the gastric juice contain? 10. What substances are absorbed in the stomach? 11. What is the major function of the stomach?
Ex. 15. Insert the missing words:
1. The stomach _ and mixes the ingested food. 2. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary _. 3. It consists of the _, the body, and the antrum. 4. The upper opening of the stomach is called the cardiac _ and the lower one is called the _ sphincter. 5. Different gastric _ are in the stomach. 6. The glands of the stomach secrete gastric _. 7. This juice contains pepsins and _ acids. 8. Pepsin converts proteins into _ substances. 9. Hydrochloric acid is necessary for the correct _ of pepsin.
Ex. 16. Choose the anatomical terms from the box for the following definitions:
1. The organ of chewing and tasting. 2. The upper part of the stomach. 3. The lower distal part of the stomach. 4. The upper opening of the stomach. 5. A hollow sac-like organ of the alimentary tract.
tongue; fundus; stomach; cardiac sphincter; antrum. |
Ex. 17. Name the major portions of the stomach and speak on them.
Ex. 18. Complete the following sentences:
1. The human stomach is _. 2. It is connected to_. 3. The stomach is composed of _. 4. Gastric juice contains _. 5. The functions of the stomach are _. 6. The body of the stomach is _. 7. The fundus of the stomach is _. 8. The antrum is _. 9. The cardiac sphincter is _. 10. The pyloric sphincter is _.
Ex. 19. Describe the functions of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
Ex. 20. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Шлунок – найбільш розширений відділ травного каналу. 2. Він розташований між стравоходом і дванадцятипалою кишкою, у верхньому відділі черевної порожнини. 3. Форма та розміри шлунка коливаються у різних людей. 4. Це залежить від його функціонального стану, від віку та статі. 5. По краях шлунка одна його стінка переходить в іншу, утворюючи малу кривизну шлунка. 6. Стінки шлунка складаються з трьох оболонок: серозної, м'язової та слизової.
Ex. 21. Write out key words of the text "Stomach" and retell the text. The following expressions may be helpful:
The stomach is … .
It is located in .. .
The stomach stores and mixes … .
It consists of … .
The body/fundus/antrum/cardiac sphincter/pyloric sphincter is … .
Ex. 22. Compose the dialogue on the structure of the stomach.
Ex. 23. Add the missing parts of the clinical terms:
1. Gastro_ is an instrument inserted though the mouth for visually inspecting the inside of the stomach. 2. Gastroentero_ is the branch of medicine that is concerned with disorders of the digestive system. 4. Gastr_ is an inflammation of the stomach lining. 5. Gastr_ is the surgical removal of all, or especially part of the stomach.
A. _scope; B. _itis; C. _ectomy; D._logy.
Ex. 24. Read and narrate the following text: