- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Hippocratic oath
- •Unit 1 lesson 1
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar:
- •(Active Voice) present simple tense
- •Past simple tense
- •Future simple tense
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •(Negative Form)
- •To have (Affirmative Form, Active Voice) present simple tense
- •Past simple tense
- •Future simple tense
- •Shall have
- •Pronoun
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •I am a medical student
- •Personal Information Sheet
- •1. Tell your fellow-students about yourself.
- •2. Describe your family to your new friend.
- •3. Show a friend your family album and answer all his/her questions.
- •Ex. 38. You want to get some information about your patient. Ask him/her questions using the expressions of 36th exercise. Overview
- •Lesson 2
- •Vocabulary
- •Phonetics
- •Grammar: word order in a statement
- •Article
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ukrainian medical stomatological academy
- •Medical university
- •Overview
- •Lesson 3
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Vowels (голосні)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •(Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Medical education in the usa
- •Medical education in the united kingdom
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Forms of the verb
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Profession of the physician
- •How often should I consult my physician
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Grammar:
- •Impersonal sentences
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 9. What famous physicians of the present do you know? What field of medicine do they work in?
- •Prominent scientists and physicians of ukraine
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Public health service in ukraine
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (Affirmative Form, Active Voice)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •National health service in the united kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Interrogative Form, Active Voice) General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Polyclinic
- •Overview
- •Medical examination
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (Active Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Imperative mood
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 7. Read vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 8. Compose 5-6 sentences using the words of the vocabulary
- •At the therapeutist's
- •Overview
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Open conditionals
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Hospital
- •Ex. 19. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading consonants (приголосні)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Participle II (v3)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •At the physician's
- •1. In what order you might ask these questions; 2. In what form you might ask them:
- •Overview
- •Lesson 13
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Modal verbs
- •Equivalents of the modal verbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Chemist’s shop
- •Your home medicine chest
- •Overview
- •I. Insert the missing words:
- •II. Finish the following sentences:
- •III. Choose the proper term given below to the following definitions:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts:
- •Galen (philosopher, physician, discoverer of blood and the cranial nerves)
- •World health organization
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Passive voice:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Body regions
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses
- •General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 8. Insert the missing letters and translate the following words:
- •Ex. 12. Read the following text: trunk
- •Body cavities
- •Directional terms for humans
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Lesson 18
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Active Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Modal verbs: should and would
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 18. Do you agree, disagree or partially agree with the statements below:
- •Cell division
- •Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
- •Reading and developing speaking
- •Organ systems
- •Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:
- •Emergency care of wounds
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Rules of reading mute letters (“німі” літери)
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Continuous tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Digestive system
- •Portions of the digestive system
- •Gallbladder
- •Pancreas
- •Large intestine
- •The alimentary tract
- •At the gastroenterologist’s
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Stomach
- •Stomach functions
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Affirmative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 28
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 8. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
- •Ex. 14. Answer the following questions:
- •Formed elements of the blood
- •Platelets
- •Leukocytes
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood groups
- •Ex. 19. Find the corresponding Ukrainian equivalents for the English terms:
- •Ex. 20. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Ex. 21. Read the following text: blood transfusion
- •Summary
- •І. Головна тема чи проблема:
- •Іі. Мета вивчення:
- •IV. Применение на практике
- •V. Висновки та результати:
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 27. Translate the following interrogative sentences into English:
- •Heart chambers
- •Vessels
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Blood vessels
- •General features of blood vessel structure
- •Lesson 32
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: subordinate clauses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •The cardiac cycle
- •At the cardiologist’s
- •Overview
- •Lesson 33
- •II. Insert the correct form of the verb:
- •III. Translate the following sentences:
- •IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels
- •Text b atherosclerosis
- •Text c leukemia
- •Text d digestive system
- •Peptic ulcer
- •Text f gastritis
- •V. Speak on the following topics:
- •Appendix 1
- •Irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 suffixes and term-elements
- •Term elements of greek and latin origin greek, latin, english and ukrainian equivalents
- •Короткий довідник з правил словотворення
- •Найуживаніші суфікси англійської мови:
- •Основні префікси:
- •Practical grammar guide
- •(Короткий граматичний довідник)
- •Іменник
- •(Cases)
- •Артикль (article)
- •Займенники (pronouns)
- •Прикметник (adjective)
- •Найвищий ступінь порівняння прикметників (Superlative Degree)
- •Порядок слів у реченні.
- •Побудова розповідних і питальних речень
- •Способи визначення присудка в англійському реченні
- •Неозначено-особові речення
- •Безособові речення.
- •Форми дієслова forms of the verb
- •Часи групи simple (indefinite) present simple
- •Past simple
- •Future simple
- •Simple tenses
- •Часи групи continuous
- •Present continuous
- •Past continuous
- •Future continuous
- •Continuous tenses
- •Perfect tenses
- •Present perfect
- •Past perfect
- •Future perfect
- •Perfect tenses
- •Стан дієслова
- •Passive voice
- •Зведена таблиця часів стверджувальної форми
- •Зведена таблиця питальної форми
- •Interrogative form
- •Дієслова to be та to have
- •Ознаки функціональної відмінності дієслова to be
- •Модальні дієслова (modal verbs)
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Модальне дієслово could
- •Модальне дієслово may
- •Модальне дієслово must
- •Ознаки розпізнавання граматичних форм, утворених за допомогою допоміжних дієслів should I would
- •Підрядні додаткові та означальні речення (object clauses)
- •Виділення членів речення за допомогою підсилювальної конструкції it is (was, will be) ... That (who, which)
- •Умовний спосіб
- •(Infinitive)
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс
- •Об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс (Objective Infinitive Construction)
- •Дієприкметник (participle)
- •Форми дієприкметника Forms of Participle
- •Об’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (Objective Participle Construction)
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street. – я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці. Герундій (gerund)
- •Форми герундія
- •Герундіальний комплекс (зворот) (Gerund Construction)
- •Узгодження часів у підрядному додатковому реченні
- •Vocabulary список використаної літератури
- •І.В. Знаменська о.О. Пісоцька в.Г. Костенко
Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 6. Read the VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 7. Insert the missing letters, read and translate the following words:
V_lnerable; b_le; d_ct; detoxi_ication; pan_reatic; bo_el; comple_ity; l_be; tr_at; ple_us; prote_t; embr_o; repa_r; port_l; empt_; capa_le; hepati_; expo_ure; stora_e; he_l; c_stic; ex_rete; ha_mful; in_ury.
Ex. 8. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Weigh; upper; abdomen; major; minor; porta; inferior; surface; associated with; artery; nerve; plexus; unite; cystic; empty; pancreatic duct; cholesterol; duodenum; perform; through; lining; bowel; group; category; marrow; fibrinogen; embryo; iron; heat; remove; excrete; feces and urine; exposure; reasonable; believe; injured tissue.
Ex. 9. Read the following text:
LIVER
The liver is the largest internal gland of the body. It weighs approximately 1.36 kg. The liver is in the upper right part of the abdomen. The liver consists of two major lobes, left and right, and minor lobes.
A porta (gate) is on the inferior surface of the liver where the various vessels, ducts, and nerves enter and exit the liver. The hepatic (associated with the liver) portal vein, the hepatic artery, and a small hepatic nerve plexus enter the liver through the porta. Lymphatic vessels and two hepatic ducts exit the liver at the porta. The hepatic ducts transport bile out of the liver. The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form a single common hepatic duct. The common bile duct is joined by the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum in union with the pancreatic duct. The gallbladder is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile. The bile is a fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids. The bile is emptied into the duodenum, where it performs its major function of assisting in the absorption of fats through the lining of the small bowel into the bloodstream. The bile acids are then reabsorbed in the small intestine and cycled into the liver to be used again.
The liver, besides producing bile, has many other important functions. They may be grouped into three categories: regulation, metabolism, and detoxification. They are: stimulation of red bone marrow, production of fibrinogen, blood formation in the embryo, storage of iron and copper, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production and others. The liver removes drugs, alcohol, and potentially harmful chemicals from the bloodstream and treats them chemically so they can be excreted in the feces and urine.
Because of the complexity of the liver and its exposure to so many potentially harmful substances, it would be reasonable to believe that it is especially vulnerable to disease. However, nature protects the organ in several ways. First, the liver is capable of regeneration: it can heal itself by repairing or replacing injured tissue. It also is constructed so that many units are responsible for the same task. Thus, if tissue in one section of the organ is injured, by trauma or disease, other cells will perform the functions of the injured section.
Ex. 10. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Печінка; складатися з; виділяти; жири та білки; сплетіння; частка; протока підшлункової залаози; спорожнювати, виливати; виліковувати, зціляти; міхурна протока; канал, протока; ворота органа; захищати; печінковий; жовч; накопичення, акумулювання; відновлення, регенерація; травма, пошкодження.
Ex. 11. Translate the text "Liver" into Ukrainian.
Ex. 12. Complete the following sentences:
1. The liver is the largest internal _ of the body. 2. It is located in the upper right part of the _. 3. The liver consists of two major _ and minor lobes. 4. A _ is the place of the liver where the various vessels, _, and nerves enter and exit the liver. 5. The hepatic _, the hepatic artery, and a small hepatic nerve _ enter the liver through the porta. 6. Lymphatic vessels and two hepatic ducts _ the liver at the porta. 7. The hepatic ducts transport _ out of the liver. 8. The right and left hepatic _ unite to form a single common hepatic duct. 9. The functions of the liver are the following: bile production, stimulation of red _ marrow, _ of iron and copper, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production, and _.
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the liver? 2. Where is it located? 3. What is the weight of the liver? 4.What is a porta? 5. What is the function of the hepatic duct? 6. What is the bile? 7. What are the functions of the liver? 8. How does nature protect the liver?
Ex. 14. Match the term and its definition:
1. Hepatic artery |
1. Vein that drains the liver into the inferior vena cava. |
2. Hepatic duct |
2. System of portal veins that carry blood from the intestines, stomach, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. |
3. Hepatic portal system |
3. One of two ducts (left and right) that drain bile from the liver and join to form the common hepatic duct. |
4. Hepatic portal vein |
4. Portal vein formed by the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and entering the liver. |
5. Hepatic vein |
5. Branch of the aorta that delivers blood to the liver. |
Ex. 15. Write out the key words of the text "Liver".
Ex. 16. Speak on the structure of the liver:
LIVER: (1) right lobe, (2) left lobe, (3) caudate lobe, (4) quadrate lobe, (5) hepatic artery and portal vein, (6) hepatic lymph nodes, (7) gallbladder.
|
Liver |
Ex. 17. Translate the following sentences concerning with the liver function:
1. The liver produces bile, which contains bile salts that emulsify fats. 2. The liver stores nutrients, processes them, and produces new molecules. 3. The liver produces blood components. 4. One of the liver functions is the storage of glycogen, a complex carbohydrate that is converted to sugar for release into the bloodstream when the blood sugar level falls. 5. Glycogen is deposited in the liver when the level of sugar in the blood increases. 6. Many proteins are also synthesized in the liver. 7. The liver helps determine the amount of nutrients that are sent to the rest of the body. 8. It also serves as a clearinghouse to eliminate some foods and substances that have served their purpose but are no longer useful. 9. Many ingested substances are harmful to the cells of the body. 10. In addition, the body itself produces many by-products of metabolism that, if accumulated, are toxic. 11. The liver is one line of defense against many of those harmful substances. 12. The liver can also produce its own unique new compounds. 13. Many of the blood proteins are produced by the liver and are released into the circulation.
Ex. 18. Speak on the functions of the liver.
Ex. 19. Compose the dialogue on the structure and functions of the liver.
Ex. 20. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Печінка – найбільша залоза тіла людини. 2. Її маса у дорослих дорівнює в середньому 1500 г. 3. Вона розташована у верхній частині черевної порожнини. 4. З воріт печінки, крім жовчних проток, виходять лімфатичні судини. 5. Печінка, як залоза травної системи виконує екскреторну функцію – виробляє жовч. 6. У дорослої людини протягом доби печінка продукує 700-800 см3 жовчі. 7. Печінці властива також бар’єрна функція. 8. Печінка бере участь в усіх видах обміну речовин: водному, білковому, вуглеводному та мінеральному. 9. Печінка виконує також гормональну функцію.