Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:

1. How are new cells produced? 2. What stages does cell division consist of? 3. What is mitosis? 4. Why does the DNA condense in mitosis? 5. What are autosomes? 6. What is X chromosome? And Y chromosome? 7. How many stages is mitosis divided into? What are they? 8. What is cytokinesis? 9. What stage does it consist of?

Diagram showing the changes which occur in the centrosomes and nucleus of a cell in the process of mitotic division.

I to III, prophase; IV, metaphase;

V and VI, anaphase; VII and VIII, telophase.

Ex. 26. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Клітина – це структурна одиниця організму людини. 2. Основними структурами клітини є оболонка, цитоплазма та ядро. 3. Клітинна оболонка, або зовнішня клітинна мембрана, відокремлює вміст клітини від позаклітинного середовища. 4. Під клітинною оболонкою міститься цитоплазма. 5. У цитоплазмі, крім основної речовини, розміщені загальні та спеціальні органели і численні цитоплазматичні включення. 6. Органели виконують важливі, специфічні для кожної клітини функції. 7. Життєво необхідною частиною клітини є її ядро. 8. Форма ядра іноді відповідає формі клітини.

OVERVIEW

A cell is the structural and functional unit of living organism. Every cell contains water, protein, carbohydrates, acids, fats, and minerals. The plasma membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm compose the cell. The plasma is the outer component of a cell. The plasma membrane consists of lipids and proteins and small amounts of carbohydrates. The functions of the plasma membrane are to enclose and support the cell contents and to determine what moves into and out of the cell. The nucleus is a large membrane-bound structure usually located near the center of the cell. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes separated by a space. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material of the cell. It controls the activities of the cell. The nucleus directs the cell’s activities. Cytoplasm is approximately half cytosol and half organelles. Cytosol consists of a fluid portion, a cytoskeleton, and cytoplasmic inclusions. Organelles are small structures within cells. They are specialized for particular functions such as manufacturing proteins or producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are small bodies, which produce energy in the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of canals within the cell. Some canals contain small bodies called ribosomes. They help make substances for the cell.

Reading and developing speaking

Ex. 1. Insert the missing letters:

Elim_nation; horm_ne; ox_gen; n_trient; carbon dio_ide; parti_ipate; endo_rine; ne_vous; swe_t; di_estive, hea_t; l_ng; bl_od.

Ex. 2. Match the medical terms and their translation:

1. integumentary 2. skeletal 3. muscular 4. nervous 5. endocrine 6. cardiovascular 7. lymphatic 8. respiratory 9. digestive 10. urinary 11. reproductive

1. дихальний 2. сечовий 3. покривний 4. статевий 5. м’язовий 6. скелетний 7. ендокринний 8. лімфатичний 9. нервовий 10. травний 11. серцево-судинний

Ex. 3. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Combine; subdivide; peripheral nervous system; major organ systems; respiratory; digestive; integumentary; sweat gland; protect; gonad; circulatory system; kidney; urinary bladder; urine; remove; esophagus; stomach; small and large intestines; digestion; nutrient; foreign substances; sensory receptors; allow body movements.

Ex. 4. Read the following words and word-combinations:

Regulate temperature; prevent; cartilage; muscle; maintain posture; body heat; spinal cord; receive; metabolism; reproduction; pump; blood; throughout; remove; balance; respiratory passage; carbon dioxide; stomach; chemical process.

Ex. 5. Read the following text: