- •The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison.
- •The numeral and its properties.
- •The verb. Classification of verbs.
- •Classification of verbs:
- •The verb. The category of tense
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of aspect in modern English
- •8. The category of mood
- •9. The noun. The category of number
- •10. The noun. The category of case
- •Grammatical peculiarities
- •Formation of tenses
- •Substitutes
- •13. The problem and the essence of the article in English.
- •15. The essence of the Perfect forms.
- •16.The pronoun.
- •17. Statives. The category of State .
- •The Functions of the Stative:
- •18. Morphemes.
- •19. The infinitive
- •I. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •II. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
- •IV. The Absolute Infinitive Construction
- •22. The notion of a grammatical category. Its distinction from notional and philosophical categories.
- •23. Parts of speech and principles of their classification.
- •1 Principle
- •2 Principle
- •3 Principle
- •24. The sentence. The classification of sent-s according to their structure and communicative purposes.
- •25. Types of the simple sentences.
- •27 The object. Types of objects.
- •Types of object
- •Forms of object
- •28 The attribute. Types of attributes.
- •§ 87. From the point of view of their connection with the headword and other parts of the sentence, attributes may be divided into nondetached (close) and detached (loose) ones.
- •30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
- •31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
- •1. Attributive
- •2. Objective
- •32. Syndetic complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •Classification:
- •33. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase:
- •Basic Word Order
- •Word order patterns
- •Word order in different sentences
- •Statements (Declarative sentences)
- •Questions (Interrogative sentences)
- •36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
- •37. Types of adverbial modifiers.
- •Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier
- •§ 100. This adverbial expresses:
- •§ 101. The adverbial of time has four variations:
- •§ 104. This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? It is most frequently expressed by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
- •§ 111. This adverbial is expressed by a noun denoting a unit of measure (length, time, weight, money, temperature).
- •§ 112. This adverbial is expressed by nouns or prepositional phrases introduced by the prepositions but, except, save, but for, except for, save for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of.
- •38. The sequence of tences in English. Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Part 2. Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses
- •Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •Exception from the rule
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •40. The verb. The categories of person and number.
- •Verb: Person and Number.
- •In a communicative act, third person pronouns can be deictic and non-deictic (anaphoric).
- •In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns.
- •I shall speak English
- •I am at home.
- •I was at home.
- •42. The semi-complex sentence.
- •43. The semi-compound sentence.
- •45. Смотри 40
- •46. The adverbs.
- •2) Spatial.
30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
The Predicate is the part of the sentence which expresses a predicative feature attributed to the subject of the sentence. Like the subject, the predicate also carries out a triple function in the sentence: structural, semantic and communicative. Its structural function consists in establishing the syntactic relations with the subject and other parts of the sentence. The semantic function of the predicate finds its expression in attributing certain features to the subject. Its communicative function is manifested in the fact that through the predicate and the expression of predication the sentence becomes a minimal unit of communication. The predicate is 'the structural and semantic centre of the sentence’. In the structure of a simple, two-member sentence the predicate usually carries out the function of the rheme, He disappeared. According to the form of expression predicates are divided into verbal and nominal: The moon rose. The moon was pale. There exists a phraseological predicate (presents a combination of such verbs as have, get, give, take and a verbal noun (give a look, take a bath, have a smoke). From the grammatical point of view the most important characteristic of this type of predicate is not so much its phraseological but its analytical character (all analytical structures are characterized by idiomaticity of their components). The verb expresses the grammatical meaning and the verbal noun expresses a lexical meaning. The two formal types of the predicate correspond to the two main semantic types: process predicate which expresses the action, the state or the existence of the subject and qualification predicate which expresses the quality (property) of the subject. The process predicate can be further subdivided into several types in accordance with the semantic types of verbs: existential (There was a tavern in the town), statal (He slept), locative (The elephant lives in India), relational (He had a small ranch) and actional (The car broke down). The qualification predicate has three subtypes: identifying (So you are the man we have been looking for), classifying (My friend is a student) and characterizing (My wife is a bit of an actress. He was too German).Structurally the predicate may be divided into simple and compound. We said good- bye - a simple verbal predicate; It was a lovely place -simple nominal predicate. The predicate is compounded by the introduction of modal or aspective components. We started saying good-bye - a compound verbal predicate; It must be a lovely place - a compound nominal predicate.
31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
phrase. is a combination of syntactically connected words (Tom and Mary)
Phrases are not characterized by sentence stress or any intonation pattern, are of no communicative value.
Every lingual unit in any language has some potential ability towards combinability with other lingual units. This typical feature of the units is called valency (ВАЛЕНТНОСТЬ). The world known scholars V.Vinogradov and V.Admony classified valency into obligatory (обязат)and non-obligatory(неоябязат). Obligatory combinability(сочетаемость) is necessary semantically and formally and is characterised by strong government. For example, the verb "to be" can't be used without any extension:
e.g. She is a student.
So according to the character of the arrangement of the words in the phrases we can differentiate the following types of them:
I. Coordinate (the elements are syntactically equal):
e.g. tea and biscuits
Coordinate phrases consist of two or more elements which are syntactically of the same rank but we can't say that they are equal and we are able to change their position because in a lot of coordinate phrases the first comes the element with less syllables (men and women). But if you are polite you should say "My teacher and I".
There is no nucleus in coordinate phrases. These phrases may be endless but practically there can be not more than 10-15 elements in one word combination (a man of over seventy, very bald, hatchet-faced, with a grey beard...)
II. Predicative (the subject and the predicate, they are interdependent): e.g. She is sleeping.I am very sorry.
Predicative phrases include the subject and the predicate, i.e. the elements forming a complete predicative line. They are interdependent grammatically and semantically.
III. Subordinate(подчиненный)(the leading element and the rest depending on it): e.g. oral quiz awfully glad ran quickly
Classification of subordinate phrases according to the leading element (the leading element can be introduced by different parts of speech):
1) Noun phrases (the head word is a noun)a smart lawyer,
2) Adjectival phrases ,very beautiful
3) Adverbial phrases ,very suddenly well enough,
4) Verb phrases (the head word is a verb), come here tell the truth
The head word may be also introduced by infinitive, gerund or participle; accordingly we have the following phrases:
a) infinitival to speak English,
b) gerundial after reading books
c) participial seeing her seen at a
5) Pronominal phrases (the head word is a pronoun) all of them the other,
6) Numeric phrases (the head word is a numeral) three of us an easy first
7) Prepositional phrases (the head word is a preposition) It is not on the table but under it.
Subordinate phrases can be also classified accoording to the position of the dependent element into regressive and progressive phrases. In regressive phrases the dependent elements are placed before the leading word (left-handed dependent elements):
e.g. a difficult exam
If the dependent elements follow the leading word (right-handed dependent elements) the phrase is progressive:
e.g. stories by Maugham
We can also differentiate phrases due to the syntactic functions of the dependent elements in the sentence: