- •The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison.
- •The numeral and its properties.
- •The verb. Classification of verbs.
- •Classification of verbs:
- •The verb. The category of tense
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of aspect in modern English
- •8. The category of mood
- •9. The noun. The category of number
- •10. The noun. The category of case
- •Grammatical peculiarities
- •Formation of tenses
- •Substitutes
- •13. The problem and the essence of the article in English.
- •15. The essence of the Perfect forms.
- •16.The pronoun.
- •17. Statives. The category of State .
- •The Functions of the Stative:
- •18. Morphemes.
- •19. The infinitive
- •I. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •II. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
- •IV. The Absolute Infinitive Construction
- •22. The notion of a grammatical category. Its distinction from notional and philosophical categories.
- •23. Parts of speech and principles of their classification.
- •1 Principle
- •2 Principle
- •3 Principle
- •24. The sentence. The classification of sent-s according to their structure and communicative purposes.
- •25. Types of the simple sentences.
- •27 The object. Types of objects.
- •Types of object
- •Forms of object
- •28 The attribute. Types of attributes.
- •§ 87. From the point of view of their connection with the headword and other parts of the sentence, attributes may be divided into nondetached (close) and detached (loose) ones.
- •30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
- •31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
- •1. Attributive
- •2. Objective
- •32. Syndetic complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •Classification:
- •33. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase:
- •Basic Word Order
- •Word order patterns
- •Word order in different sentences
- •Statements (Declarative sentences)
- •Questions (Interrogative sentences)
- •36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
- •37. Types of adverbial modifiers.
- •Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier
- •§ 100. This adverbial expresses:
- •§ 101. The adverbial of time has four variations:
- •§ 104. This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? It is most frequently expressed by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
- •§ 111. This adverbial is expressed by a noun denoting a unit of measure (length, time, weight, money, temperature).
- •§ 112. This adverbial is expressed by nouns or prepositional phrases introduced by the prepositions but, except, save, but for, except for, save for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of.
- •38. The sequence of tences in English. Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Part 2. Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses
- •Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •Exception from the rule
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •40. The verb. The categories of person and number.
- •Verb: Person and Number.
- •In a communicative act, third person pronouns can be deictic and non-deictic (anaphoric).
- •In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns.
- •I shall speak English
- •I am at home.
- •I was at home.
- •42. The semi-complex sentence.
- •43. The semi-compound sentence.
- •45. Смотри 40
- •46. The adverbs.
- •2) Spatial.
10. The noun. The category of case
Semantic characteristics
Semantically all nouns fall into proper nouns and common nouns.
Proper-geographical names, cities (New York, Asia)
Common-countable and uncountable (a table, a book, water, sugar). Can also be concrete(boy, girl), abstract(idea) and nouns of material(bread, call).
Morphological composition
According to the morphological composition nouns can be divided into simple, derived, and compound.
Simple nouns consist of only one root-morpheme: dog, chair.
Derived nouns (derivatives) are composed of one root-morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes (prefixes or suffixes).
Compound nouns consist of at least two stems(seaman, airmail).
Morphological characteristics
Morphologically nouns are characterized by the grammatical categories of number and case. Gender does not find regular morphological expression. The distinction of male, female, and neuter may correspond to the lexical meaning of the noun:masculine(boy, man), feminine(girl, woman), neuter(table,house).
Case expresses the relation of a word to another word in the word-group or sentence (my sister’s coat). The category of case correlates with the objective category of possession. The case category in English is realized through the opposition: The Common Case :: The Possessive Case (sister :: sister’s). However, in modern linguistics the term “genitive case” is used instead of the “possessive case” because the meanings rendered by the “`s” sign are not only those of possession. The scope of meanings rendered by the Genitive Case is the following :
1.Possessive Genitive : Mary’s father – Mary has a father,
2.Subjective Genitive: The doctor’s arrival – The doctor has arrived,
3.Objective Genitive : The man’s release – The man was released,
4.Adverbial Genitive : Two hour’s work – X worked for two hours,
5.Equation Genitive : a mile’s distance – the distance is a mile,
6.Genitive of destination: children’s books – books for children,
7.Mixed Group: yesterday’s paper
There is no universal point of view as to the case system in English. Different scholars stick to a different number of cases.
1.There are two cases. The Common one and The Genitive;
2.There are no cases at all, the form `s is optional because the same relations may be expressed by the ‘of-phrase’: the doctor’s arrival – the arrival of the doctor;
3.There are three cases: the Nominative, the Genitive, the Objective due to the existence of objective pronouns me, him, whom;
Case Grammar.
Ch.Fillmore introduced syntactic-semantic classification of cases. They show relations in the so-called deep structure of the sentence. According to him, verbs may stand to different relations to nouns. There are 6 cases:
1.Agentive Case (A) John opened the door;
2.Instrumental case (I) The key opened the door; John used the key to open the door;
3.Dative Case (D) John believed that he would win (the case of the animate being affected by the state of action identified by the verb);
4.Factitive Case (F) The key was damaged ( the result of the action or state identified by the verb);
5.Locative Case (L) Chicago is windy;
6.Objective case (O) John stole the book.
12. Modal verbs.
Modal verbs (can, could, must, should, ought to, had better, may, might, will, would, shall) are auxiliary verbs that add the idea of ability, necessity, advice, request, permission, desire, probability, etc. to the action expressed by the main verb. In other words, modal verbs describe the speaker's attitude to the action expressed by the main verb, for example:
She can drive. (ability)
I must go. (strong necessity)
You should call him. (advice)
Could you help me with this report, please? (request)
You may stay here. (permission)
I would like to see her. (desire)
He might leave soon. (possibility)
He must be at the tennis club now. (strong probability)