- •The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison.
- •The numeral and its properties.
- •The verb. Classification of verbs.
- •Classification of verbs:
- •The verb. The category of tense
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of aspect in modern English
- •8. The category of mood
- •9. The noun. The category of number
- •10. The noun. The category of case
- •Grammatical peculiarities
- •Formation of tenses
- •Substitutes
- •13. The problem and the essence of the article in English.
- •15. The essence of the Perfect forms.
- •16.The pronoun.
- •17. Statives. The category of State .
- •The Functions of the Stative:
- •18. Morphemes.
- •19. The infinitive
- •I. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •II. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
- •IV. The Absolute Infinitive Construction
- •22. The notion of a grammatical category. Its distinction from notional and philosophical categories.
- •23. Parts of speech and principles of their classification.
- •1 Principle
- •2 Principle
- •3 Principle
- •24. The sentence. The classification of sent-s according to their structure and communicative purposes.
- •25. Types of the simple sentences.
- •27 The object. Types of objects.
- •Types of object
- •Forms of object
- •28 The attribute. Types of attributes.
- •§ 87. From the point of view of their connection with the headword and other parts of the sentence, attributes may be divided into nondetached (close) and detached (loose) ones.
- •30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
- •31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
- •1. Attributive
- •2. Objective
- •32. Syndetic complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •Classification:
- •33. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase:
- •Basic Word Order
- •Word order patterns
- •Word order in different sentences
- •Statements (Declarative sentences)
- •Questions (Interrogative sentences)
- •36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
- •37. Types of adverbial modifiers.
- •Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier
- •§ 100. This adverbial expresses:
- •§ 101. The adverbial of time has four variations:
- •§ 104. This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? It is most frequently expressed by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
- •§ 111. This adverbial is expressed by a noun denoting a unit of measure (length, time, weight, money, temperature).
- •§ 112. This adverbial is expressed by nouns or prepositional phrases introduced by the prepositions but, except, save, but for, except for, save for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of.
- •38. The sequence of tences in English. Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Part 2. Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses
- •Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •Exception from the rule
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •40. The verb. The categories of person and number.
- •Verb: Person and Number.
- •In a communicative act, third person pronouns can be deictic and non-deictic (anaphoric).
- •In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns.
- •I shall speak English
- •I am at home.
- •I was at home.
- •42. The semi-complex sentence.
- •43. The semi-compound sentence.
- •45. Смотри 40
- •46. The adverbs.
- •2) Spatial.
Grammatical peculiarities
Modal verbs are also called modal auxiliaries, or modals. Modal verbs are sometimes called defective verbs, because they do not have all the functions of main verbs or auxiliary verbs. They can't be used without a main verb, can't form gerunds or participles, and do not have any endings to show person, number, or tense. Modal verbs form questions without the help of the other auxiliary verbs. Some modal verbs are rarely used in questions. Modal verbs also have quite a few peculiarities in the formation of tenses.
Formation of tenses
Modal verbs do not have the future tense form. The idea of the future is expressed by the present tense forms of modal verbs with the help of the context and adverbs of time referring to the future. (With the exception of the modal verbs WILL, WOULD, of course, which express the future.)
Can I go there tomorrow? - Yes, you can.
Can they go there now? - No, they can't.
He shouldn't call her today.
They should call her tomorrow.
Only two modal verbs can form the past by changing their forms directly. They are CAN - COULD and WILL - WOULD (only in some of their meanings), for example:
She can sing very well. - She could sing very well when she was younger.
He will go there tomorrow. - I said that he would go there tomorrow.
The pair SHALL - SHOULD with the future meaning can still work like that in British English. In American English, WILL is used for all persons in the future (WOULD for the Future in the Past), and SHALL, SHOULD are mostly used as separate modal verbs.
Shall we wait for you here? (polite suggestion of some action and asking for consent or directive)
Shall I bring you more coffee? (polite suggestion of some action and asking for consent or directive)
Should we call her? (asking for advice; present or future)
You should have called her yesterday. (giving advice; past tense)
The verbs MAY and MIGHT are mostly used as separate modal verbs, though MIGHT is generally used instead of MAY in the cases where the rules of the sequence of tenses apply, for example:
She may be at the hospital now. - I said that she might be at the hospital now.
Substitutes
Modal verbs are very common and widely used in speech and in writing. Still, there are quite a few substitutes for modal verbs. They are the phrases "be able to, have to, have got to, be to, be supposed to, be going to, used to", the adverbs "probably, maybe" and some others. Some substitutes are also very common and widely used, for example, HAVE TO instead of MUST in the meaning "strong necessity"; PROBABLY instead of MUST in the meaning "strong probability"; MAYBE instead of MAY, MIGHT, COULD in the meaning "possibility", etc.
The most important use of substitute phrases is in the cases when modal verbs can't be used. For example, the modal verb MUST in the meaning "strong necessity" doesn't have the past form, so the substitute phrase HAVE TO (necessity) is typically used instead of the modal verb MUST in the past tense, with a little change in meaning.
Maria must go to the bank today. (strong necessity)
She has to go to the bank today. (necessity)
She had to go to the bank yesterday. (necessity; realized action)
Substitute phrases are described together with the modal verbs they substitute for in the files on specific modal verbs.