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developed for EU reporting using NABS (“Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparison of Scientific Programmes and Budgets”) may be of use:

●Direct derivation: A project which owes its existence solely to the technical needs of another programme is directly derived from the said programme and should be classified with it.

●Indirect spin-off: Where the results of R&D undertaken for one purpose are subsequently reworked to give an application relevant to another objective, this is indirect spin-off and should be credited to the objective to which the subsequent R&D is oriented.

8.7.2.Distribution of budgetary items

501. The allocation of R&D appropriations or outlays to socio-economic objectives should be at the level that most accurately reflects the funder’s purpose(s). The actual reporting level chosen will depend on practical possibilities. The whole appropriation may be to an R&D-performing or R&D- funding unit. In some cases, information on programme or project level may be obtained.

8.7.3. The distribution

502. The OECD distribution list given in Section 8.7.4 is the EU classification adopted by Eurostat for the analysis and comparison of scientific programmes and budgets at the one-digit level (NABS) (Eurostat, 1986; 1994). The correspondence between the NABS list and the Frascati Manual 1993 list (which was almost identical to NABS 1986) is shown in Table 8.1 and should be used for reporting to the OECD, even if member countries use their own classifications or the Nordforsk classification (Table 8.2) in their national GBAORD compilations.

8.7.4. Socio-economic objectives – SEO

1. Exploration and exploitation of the Earth

503. This SEO covers research with objectives related to the exploration of the Earth’s crust and mantle, seas, oceans and atmosphere, and research on their exploitation. It also includes climatic and meteorological research, polar exploration (under various SEOs, as appropriate) and hydrology. It does not include:

–Soil improvement and land use (SEO 2).

–Research on pollution (SEO 3).

–Fishing (SEO 6).

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2. Infrastructure and general planning of land use

504. This SEO covers research on infrastructure and land development, including research on the construction of buildings. More generally, this SEO covers all research relating to the general planning of land use. This includes research into protection against harmful effects in town and country planning but not research into other types of pollution (SEO 3).

3. Control and care of the environment

505. This SEO covers research into the control of pollution, aimed at the identification and analysis of the sources of pollution and their causes, and all pollutants, including their dispersal in the environment and the effects on man, species (fauna, flora, micro-organisms) and the biosphere. Development of monitoring facilities for the measurement of all kinds of pollution is included. The same is valid for the elimination and prevention of all forms of pollution in all types of environment.

4. Protection and improvement of human health

506. This SEO covers research aimed at protecting, promoting and restoring human health, broadly interpreted to include health aspects of nutrition and food hygiene. It ranges from preventive medicine, including all aspects of medical and surgical treatment, both for individuals and groups, and the provision of hospital and home care, to social medicine and paediatric and geriatric research.

5. Production, distribution and rational utilisation of energy

507. This SEO covers research into the production, storage, transportation, distribution and rational use of all forms of energy. It also includes research on processes designed to increase the efficiency of energy production and distribution, and the study of energy conservation. It does not include:

–Research relating to prospecting (SEO 1).

–Research into vehicle and engine propulsion (SEO 7).

6. Agricultural production and technology

508. This SEO covers all research on the promotion of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and foodstuff production. It includes: research on chemical fertilisers, biocides, biological pest control and the mechanisation of agriculture; research on the impact of agricultural and forestry activities on the environment; research in the field of developing food productivity and technology. It does not include:

– Research on the reduction of pollution (SEO 3).

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–Research into the development of rural areas, the construction and planning of buildings, the improvement of rural rest and recreation amenities and agricultural water supply (SEO 2).

–Research on energy measures (SEO 5).

–Research for the food industry (SEO 7).

7. Industrial production and technology

509. This SEO covers research on the improvement of industrial production and technology. It includes research on industrial products and their manufacturing processes, except where they form an integral part of the pursuit of other objectives (e.g. defence, space, energy, agriculture).

8. Social structures and relationships

510. This SEO covers research on social objectives, as analysed in particular by social and human sciences, which have no obvious connection with other SEOs. This analysis includes quantitative, qualitative, organisational and forecasting aspects of social problems.

9. Exploration and exploitation of space

511. This SEO covers all civil space research and technology. Corresponding research in the defence field is classified in SEO 13. Although civil space research is not in general concerned with particular objectives, it frequently has a specific goal, such as the increase of general knowledge (e.g. astronomy), or relates to particular applications (e.g. telecommunications satellites).

10. Research financed from general university funds

512. When reporting GBAORD by “purpose”, this class should include, by convention, all R&D financed from general purpose grants from ministries of education, although in some countries many of these programmes may be relevant to other objectives. This convention has been adopted because of the problem of obtaining suitable data and thus of comparability. Member countries should provide the most detailed breakdown possible of the “contents” of this class by field of science and technology and, where they are able to do so, by objectives.

11. Non-oriented research

513. This covers all those appropriations or outlays which are earmarked for R&D but which cannot be attributed to an objective. A supplementary breakdown by field of science may be useful.

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12. Other civil research

514. This SEO covers civil research which cannot (yet) be classified to a particular SEO.

13. Defence

515. This SEO covers research (and development) for military purposes. It also includes basic research and nuclear and space research financed by ministries of defence. Civil research financed by ministries of defence, for example in the fields of meteorology, telecommunications and health, should be classified in the relevant SEOs.

Table 8.1. Standard key between NABS 1992 and previous OECD GBAORD objectives

NABS categories		Previous OECD categories
1.	Exploration and exploitation of the Earth	8.	Exploration and exploitation of Earth and atmosphere
2.	Infrastructure and general planning of land use	4.	Development of the infrastructure
	Transport and telecommunication systems (2.4 + 2.5)		4.1. Transport and telecommunications
	Other infrastructure (2 less 2.4 and 2.5)		4.2. Urban and rural planning
3.	Control and care of the environment	5.	Sub-total environment
			5.1. The prevention of pollution
			5.2. Identification and treatment of pollution
4.	Protection and improvement of human health	6.	Health (excluding pollution)
5.	Production, distribution and rational utilisation	3.	Production and rational use of energy
	of energy
6.	Agricultural production and technology	1.	Development of agriculture, forestry and fishing
7.	Industrial production and technology	2.	Promotion of industrial development technology
8.	Social structures and relationships	7.	Social development and services
9.	Exploration and exploitation of space	10.	Civil space
10.	Research financed from general university funds	9.2. General university funds
11.	Non-oriented research	9.1. Advancement of research
12.	Other civil research
13.	Defence	11.	Defence
		12.	Not specified

Source: OECD.

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