- •Российской федерации
- •Н. Ю. Басуева, канд. Соц. Наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков мифуб ТюмГу
- •1. 1 Read the text and name the parts. The world of Physics
- •1.2 Find out the Russian equivalents for the words and phrases in italics.
- •1.7 Complete the following sentences:
- •1.8 Speak on the topic.
- •1.9 Read and translate the text.
- •The world of mathematics
- •Vocabulary:
- •1.10 Read the words. State the part of speech.
- •1.13 Match the two parts of sentences :
- •1.14 Comprehension questions:
- •1.19 Complete the gaps in these sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets.
- •Unit 2 Career in science Grammar reference: Passive Voice. Infinitive. Modal Verbs.
- •2.1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
- •2.2 Read the text and name the paragraphs. Translate the text.
- •Vocabulary:
- •2.4 Read the following words and state the part of speech:
- •2.5 Complete the table:
- •2.6 Fill in the blanks with the corresponding words:
- •2.7 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:
- •2.8 Comprehension questions:
- •2.9 Translate into English:
- •Careers in Physics
- •2.11 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions:
- •Vocabulary:
- •2.20 Make the nouns plural
- •2.21 The facts:
- •3.1 Match the names of famous scientists with the countries:
- •3.2 Read and translate the text.
- •Stephen William Hawking
- •3.3 Find Russian equivalents to the following:
- •3.4 Read the following words and state the part of speech:
- •3.5 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:
- •3.6 Complete the following sentences:
- •3.7 Tell about the outstanding physicist Stephen William Hawking, using the key words:
- •3.8 Read and translate the text. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
- •3.9 Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and phrases. Read them correctly.
- •3.10 Match the first part of the sentence in a with the second one in b:
- •3.11 Put the sentences in order in which they appear in the story.
- •3.12 Translate the following sentences into English:
- •3.13 Read and translate the text. Nikolay Ivanovich lobachevsky
- •Vocabulary:
- •3.14 Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b a b
- •3.15 Read the statements below and say if they are true or false:
- •3.16 Complete the sentences:
- •3.17 What do the dates in the text refer to?
- •3.19 Speak on the scientific career of n. Lobachevsky.
- •3.20 Read and translate the text: Sofia Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya
- •Vocabulary: Ratio – отношение, пропорция, соотношение
- •3.22 Complete the following word-combinations with the prepositions given below:
- •3.23 How did Sophia surprise her teacher when she was 12?
- •3.24 Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers:
- •3.25 Translate into Russian:
- •3.26 Match the first part of the sentence in a with the second one in b: a b
- •3.27 Tell about the outstanding mathematician Sophia Kovalevskaya.
- •3.28 Write a sentence from the words given.
- •3.29 Scientists joke
- •4.1 Discuss in pairs the following questions and compare your answers with your groupmates:
- •4.2 Read the following text. Divide the text into paragraphs and give the title each of them.
- •4.3 Read the following words and phrases. Mind the reading rules:
- •Dialogue III
- •Dialogue IV.
- •4.9 Match the words in column a with the words in column b:
- •4.15 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word:
- •4.16 Say what you think has happened:
- •4.17 Choose the right word:
- •4.18 Study the situations. Make up your own dialogue.
- •4.19 Read the advertisement and study the letter of application.
- •4.20 Read these three job advertisements and write a letter of application for one of them. Use the letter from below to help you:
- •4.21 Writing a personal factsheet or curriculum vitae (c. V.).
- •4.22 Work in groups of four. Read the letters written by members of your group and decide which is the most effective. (Discuss ways of making the letters clearer).
- •4.23 Match the expressions in the list below which are similar in meaning:
- •Unit 5 Writing a course paper
- •5.1 Discuss the following questions in pairs:
- •5.3 Read and translate the text: Writing a course paper
- •5.4 Match the words in column a with their synonyms in column b
- •5.6 Read and translate the dialogue. Pay attention to the italicised phrases: Dialogue I
- •5.7 Put the sentences in the logical order. Read and translate the dialogue. Dialogue I
- •5.8 Complete the dialogue in English
- •5.9 Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words and expressions.
- •5.10 Translate into English:
- •Contents
- •Unit 2. Career in science 14
- •Unit 5. Writing a course paper 59
- •Подписано в печать
1.2 Find out the Russian equivalents for the words and phrases in italics.
1.3 Read the following words, mind reading rules.
Solid-state, transistor, engineering, experimental, mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, ultrasonics, cryogenics, electromagnetism, fission, geometrical, fusion, condensed-matter, molecules. frequencies, to harness.
1.4 Give the English for:
Металлические обрезки, физика твёрдого тела, термодинамика, научное исследование, ускорение частиц, механика жидкостей и газов, физика (элементарных частиц), ядра, сосредотачиваться на, силы природы, влиять на, излучать, ядерная физика, расщепление, акустика ультразвуковых частот.
1.5 Find the pair of synonyms:
1. affect a) include
2. device b) let
3. growth c) influence
4. enable d) speeding - up
5. in motion e) splitting
6. acceleration f) mechanism
7. involve g) use
8. harness h) evolution 9. fission i) on the run
1.6 Translate the following sentences into Russian:
Физика – это наука, изучающая вещество и энергию.
Учёные, работающие в области физики твёрдых тел, создали транзистор и другие полупроводниковые приборы.
Физика состоит из 5 основных областей: механики, теплота, звук, электричество и магнетизм, и свет.
Механика изучает состояние тел в покое и в движении.
Геометрическая оптика изучает перемещение света в пространстве и то, как на направление движения влияют разные вещества.
Термодинамика включает в себя физику низких температур, которая изучает вещества при очень низкой температуре.
1.7 Complete the following sentences:
Physicists try to understand … .
The word physics comes from… .
Laws and theories of physics have enabled engineers and scientists to… .
The subjects studied by physicists consist of two broad categories… .
Classical physics is composed of five basic areas ….
Modern physics concentrates on … .
The study of heat is called … .
Optics has two major branches … .
Nuclear physics focuses on … .
Solids may be classified according to … .
With a knowledge of physics, human beings can … .
1.8 Speak on the topic.
1.9 Read and translate the text.
Grammar reference: Passive Voice. Present and Past Perfect.
The world of mathematics
Mathematics has always been held in respect. Being one of the most ancient sciences it is still ever young. Mathematics is a Greek word and it means “something that must be learned or understood,” “acquired knowledge”. It is supposed that mathematics had its birth among the ancient Greeks. The Greeks divided mathematics into arithmetic and geometry.
Mathematics has different interdependent branches. The largest branch is that which builds on the ordinary whole numbers, fractions and irrational numbers, or what, collectively, is called the real number system. Arithmetic, algebra, the study of functions, the calculus, differential equations, and various other subject which follow the calculus in logical order are all developments of the real number system. This part of mathematics is termed the mathematics of number. A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries. Mathematics contains many more divisions. Each branch has the same logical structure: it begins with certain concepts. These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms. From the concepts and axioms theorems are deduced.
XVII century introduced the idea of motion - variable quantity (I. Newton, G. Leibnitz). Arithmetic, i.e. theory of numbers, algebra, and geometry gave way to the notion of function, infinity, concept of limit, derivative, and integral. The so-called classical mathematics was created within the period of three centuries (from the XVII to the XIX century). From then on differential equations have been used to describe laws of nature. However, the so-called "classical mathematics" has retained its leading position and importance.
Much of most fruitful modern research work emerged as a result of classical mathematical analysis' deductions. The theory of both ordinary and partial differential equations, which is vital for the study of various quantities, is used in ever-growing application field of modern mathematics.
If before the XVIII century mathematicians used to be both philosophers and experimentalists, since the XVIII century mathematical research has become an independent profession. Professional mathematicians were now trained at universities. The scientific revolution had bequeathed to mathematics and major program of research in analyses and mechanics. The period from 1700 - 1800, the century of analyses, witnessed the consolidation of calculus and its extensive application to mechanics.
By the middle of the XIX century both fundamental human knowledge and accepted potential of mathematics led to a noticeable growth of limited number of people, engaged in active research. This process was determined by invention of typography and emergence of textbooks, which granted access to new achievements in the field of mathematics, by systematic university teaching of mathematics and, finally, by new prospects of expanding and deepening general human knowledge.
The XX century has seen a tremendous upgrowth of mathematics. Its field of application considerably expanded as early as in the beginning of the century, which led to further progress and development. Thus, mechanics and optics used to constitute the main branch of physics, closely connected with mathematical experiment. Nowadays, however, they have been supplemented by electrodynamics, the theory of magnetism and thermodynamics. Mathematics became especially important in terms of continuum mechanics study, namely gas dynamics and hydrodynamics, i.e. viscous and non-viscous. Most of the powerful abstract mathematical theories in use today originated in the XIX century. The growth of mathematics as a profession was accompanied by a sharpening division between mathematics and the physical sciences. One result of this separation has been that mathematics developed higher standards of rigour.
Since the second half of the XX century the number of professional mathematicians has sharply risen, and now amounts to hundreds of thousands. This is due to both the facts that computers are widely used nowadays and to mathematization of all the sciences as well as other domains of human activity.
Modern mathematics of the late XX century is characterized by a still wider use of mathematical procedures in various spheres of activities as well as by emergence of a number of new mathematical disciplines, such as informatics, mathematical economics, numerical analysis, games theory, digital mathematics, programming, harmonic analysis, Fourier analysis. The need to improve control over different systems (physical, economic, social etc,) following differential equations, led to working out the mathematical theory of optimal control. In its turn, the need to control conflicting processes led to the beginning and progress of differential game theory. Mathematical physics required working out generalized functions and complex variable functions theories. Functional analysis, a revolutionary branch of mathematics, as well as the theory of differential variable function spaces were created.