Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века
.pdf
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ |
|
|
ǸȐș. 8 |
ǾȐȒȓȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ |
|
ǪȘȈȎȌȍȉȕȖșȚȤ |
|
|
ȀȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȣȍ ȉȖȍ- |
|
Ȋȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ |
ǶȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ |
ǩ/Ȍ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ |
ȗȖșȚȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȕȖȑ |
|
șȚȈȉȐȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ |
|
ǴȐȘȖȚȊȖȘȟȍșȚȊȖ |
DzȘȐȏȐșȕȈȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ |
|
|
|
ǵȐȠȈ «ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȕȖȋȖ |
|
șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȧ» |
|
ǴȐȘ |
|
ǸȐș. 9 |
ǹȗȐȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ |
|
ȀȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉ- |
ȕȣȍ ȉ/Ȍ |
ǩ/Ȍ ȔȈȓȖȑ |
ȐȕȚȍȕș. |
DzȘȐȏȐș |
ǴȐȘ |
221 |
II.ǺǸǨǵǹǼǶǸǴǨǾǰȇ ǪǶǭǵǵǶDZ ǹǼǭǸȃ
1.ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ. ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ
Ǫ21 ȊȍȒȍ șȚȈȓȖ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȕȍ ȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȣ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȐȊț ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ, ȕȖ ȎȍșȚȒȖȍ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. ǴȐȘ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȓșȧ, Ȗȕ șȚȈȓ șȓȖȎȕȍȍ, Ȋ ȕȍȔ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȕȖȊȣȝ, ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ țȋȘȖȏ, ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚȖȊ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȓțȟȠȍȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȕȍȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ. ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ Ȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȍ ȖȕȈ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȞȍȓȐ Ȑ ȟȚȖ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȈ. ǵȍȌȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȐȓȐ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȖȓțȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȔ.
ǪȓȐȚȍȘȈȚțȘȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊșȚȘȍȚȐȚȤ ȌȊȈ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ
– ȐȕȌțȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ Ȑ ȌȍȌțȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ. ǰȕȌțȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȈȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȊȣȧȊȓȍȕȐȐ șȓȈȉȣȝ ȔȍșȚ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ȐȔȍȦȡȐȝșȧ ȘȈȏȘȣȊȈȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȝ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒș ȔȍȘ ȗȖ Ȑȝ ȓȐȒȊȐȌȈȞȐȐ. ȅȚȖ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȋ 20 ȊȍȒȍ, ȖȚȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȦȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ ȖȚ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ1. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȘȍȌȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ țȎȍ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌ Ȓ ȌȍȌțȒȚȐȊȕȖȔț ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȦ Ȑ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ (capabilities-based planning). ǷȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȜȘȍȑȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȊȐțȋȘȖȏ, ȗȍȘȍȌ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȚȖȐȚȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȚ ȕȍ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȐȓȐ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, ȕȖ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ șȜȍȘȈ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ2. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ șȖȏȌȈȦȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȍȓȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȗȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ, ȗȘȖȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ, ȈȕȍȗȈșșȐȊȕȖȑ, ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ.
1 Cebrowski, Arthur K, Transformation and the Changing Character of War, p. 2. 2 Ibid, pȘ. 2-3.
222
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȣȏȊȈȕȈ ȘȍȏȒȐȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȗțȚȍȑ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȍȌțȚșȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ (ǸǪǬ) (Revolution in Military Affairs)1. ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȜȘȍȑȔȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ țȟȍșȚȤ țȘȖȒȐ Ȑ ȗȘȍȌȖșȚȍȘȍȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ǸǪǬ Ȑ ȖȉȓȍȋȟȈȍȚ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȊȕȍȌȘȧȚȤșȧ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȖȊȣ Ȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȚ ȓȐ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȖȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ ȍȍ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ș ȕȖȊȖȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ.
ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔ Ȑ țșȗȍȠȕȣȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȉȓȐȞȒȘȐȋ 1940ȋ., ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȊȠȐȑ ȊȍȘȔȈȝȚț ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ Ȑ ȉȘȐȚȈȕșȒȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȧȔ. ǩȓȐȞȒȘȐȋ ȖȗȐȘȈȓșȧ ȕȈ ȌȊȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ. ǪȖ-ȗȍȘȊȣȝ, ȥȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ. ǪȖ-ȊȚȖȘȣȝ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ Ȓ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȍ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȍ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȍȔȖȑ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȌȍșȧȚȐȓȍȚȐȑ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȐȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȋȍȕȐȍȔ. ǵȖȊȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ (ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȘȈȌȐȖ, ȚȈȕȒȐ), ȗȓȖȚȕȈȧ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȈ ȕȈȏȍȔȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ș ȊȖȏȌțȝȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣ ȊșȍȔ șȚȖȘȖȕȈȔ, țȟȈșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ Ȋ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȍ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȉȘȐȚȈȕșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȐȍ ȈȘȔȐȐ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȣ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȓțȟȠȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȈȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȍȘȔȈȝȚ ȒȖȔȉȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȓ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ ș ȕȖȊȖȑ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȖȉȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȓȍȕȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȌȘȣ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȖ ȍȔț ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ2. ǷȘȐȔȍȘ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ǼȘȈȕȞȐȐ Ȑ ǩȘȐȚȈȕȐȐ Ȋ 1940 ȋȖȌț ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȌȊțȔ ȊȣȊȖȌȈȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȣ Ȓ ȓȦȉȖȑ ǸǪǬ ȐȓȐ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ3:
1.ǵȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ, ȒȈȒȐȔȐ ȉȣ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȐ ȉȣȓȐ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ǸǪǬ. ǷȖȒȈ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȖ-
1 Krepinevich, Andrew F. “Cavalry to Computers: The Patterns of Military Revolutions.” The National Interest, Fall 1994, p. 30. 12 January 2011. <http://nationalinterest.org/article/cavalry-to-computer-the-pattern-of-military-revolutions-848>; Metz, Steven, James Kievit. Strategy and the Revolution in Military Affairs: From Theory to Policy. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, June, 1995. 12 January 2011.
<http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/research_pubs/rmastrat.pdf>;
ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȧ ȗȖ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ.12 January 2011. http://www.comw.org/rma/index.html. 2 Messenger, Charles. The Blitzkrieg Story. New York: Charles Scribner's and Sons, 1976;
Perrett, Byran. A History of Blitzkrieg. New York: Stein & Day, 1983.
3 Smith, Edward Ǩ. Effects-Based Operations: Applying Network Centric Warfare in Peace, Crisis and War. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) Publication Series. 2002, pȘ. xxv-xxvi. 12 January 2011.12 January 2011. http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Smith_EBO.PDF.
223
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ
ȊȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȍ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȖȕȐ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȉȍșȗȖȓȍȏȕȣ.
2.dzȦȉȈȧ țșȗȍȠȕȈȧ ǸǪǬ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȊȣȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȏȈ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȣ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ Ȑ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ. ǵȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȓȐȕȐȧ ǴȈȎȐȕȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȓȈ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ, ȊȍȘȔȈȝȚ ȕȍ ȗȣȚȈȓșȧ ȠȚțȘȔȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ, Ȑ ȜȖȘȚȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȐ ȖșȚȈȓȐșȤ Ȋ ȉȖȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖȔ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ ȗȖȌȗȐșȈȕȐȧ ȒȈȗȐȚțȓȧȞȐȐ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȖȑ. ǩȓȐȞȒȘȐȋ ȐȏȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȖ, ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ, ȘȈșșȟȐȚȣȊȈȓ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȐȋ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȠȖȒȈ, ȗȘȐȊȍȌȠȍȋȖ Ȓ ȒȖȓȓȈȗșț Ȑ ȗȈȘȈȓȐȟț ȊȖȓȐ ȜȘȈȕȞțȏșȒȖȋȖ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ.
ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ, ǸǪǬ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȖȉȘȈȚȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȜȖȘȔȈȔ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈșȟȍȚȍ, ȟȚȖ Ȗȕ ȖȒȈȎȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȐȔ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȚȈȒ ȗȖșȚțȗȐȓ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȣȑ ǪȤȍȚȕȈȔ Ȑ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǪȖ ǵȋțȍȕ ǯȐȈȗ (Vo Nguyen Giap)1, ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȐȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȗȈȘȚȐȏȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǴȈȖ ǾȏȥȌțȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȍȕȐȧ ǹȀǨ ȊȖ ȊȤȍȚȕȈȔșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȍ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȗȈȘȚȐȏȈȕșȒȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȈ ȔȐȕȐȔțȔȈ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȓȈ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ ȠȐȘȖȒȖȔȈșȠȚȈȉȕȣȝ ȉȖȍȊ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȊȍȓȐ Ǫǹ ǹȀǨ. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ǹȍȊȍȘȕȖȋȖ ǪȤȍȚȕȈȔȈ șȖșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȐȓȈșȤ ȕȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȌȓȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȐȏȔȈȚȣȊȈȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, șȚȘȍȔȧșȤ șȒȖȘȍȍ Ȓ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȓȐ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȕȈȕȍșȍȕȐȦ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ țȘȖȕȈ. ǸȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤ, ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȉȣȓȈ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ȕȍ ș ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȧȔȐ, ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ, ȕȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȍȑ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȊȠȐȔȐ țșȗȍȠȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖșȚȖȧȚȤ ȕȍșȘȈȊȕȍȕȕȖ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȐȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȖșȕȈȡȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ ǹȀǨ.
ǬȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ, ș ȖȌȕȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ Ȍȍȓȍ – ș ȌȘțȋȖȑ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ. ǵȈȌȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ, ȚȖȟȕȖ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȌȐȖ, ȚȈȕȒȐ ȐȓȐ ȈȊȐȈȞȐȧ ȕȍ ȉȣȓȐ ȔȖȕȖȗȖȓȐȍȑ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ Ȋ 1940ȋ. Ǫ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȕȈȞȐȑ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȦ țȕȐȒȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȦ, ȖȗȐȘȈȧșȤ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈ ȊȍșȤ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȖȗȣȚ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ – ȒȈȒ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȍ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȍȓȧ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ ǸǪǬ ȕȍ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȐȔȍȚȤ Ȋ șȊȖȍȔ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȕȖȊȍȑȠȐȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ, Ȑ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȌȖșȚțȗȕȖȑ ș ȜȐȕȈȕșȖȊȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȍșȓȐ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȋȖȚȖȊȕȖșȚȤ ȍȍ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ.
1 O'Neill, Robert J. Strategy of General Giap since 1964. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1969; O'Neill, Robert J. General Giap: Politician and Strategist. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969.
224
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
2.ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ
2.1ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ
Ǫ ȒȕȐȋȍ «ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ: ȕȈ ȗțȚȐ Ȓ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔ 21 ȊȍȒȈ» ȌȖȒȚȖȘ ǬȥȊȐȌ ǨȓȤȉȍȘȚș (David Alberts) ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ ȒȈȒ «ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȊȖȏȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ, ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȓ șȘȍȌȍ»1, ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȑ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ. ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒȖȔ ȊȓȈșȚȐ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȐȔșȧ ȕȈ șȍȚȍȊȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ. ǭșȓȐ Ȋ 20 ȊȍȒȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȖȘȐȍȕȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȖ ȕȈ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ ȊȖȑșȒȖȊȣȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȔȖȡȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȍȌȐȕȐȞ, ȊȝȖȌȧȡȐȝ Ȋ ȕȍȍ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔ (platform-centric), ȚȖ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȗȖșȚȍȗȍȕȕȣȑ șȌȊȐȋ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ ȍȌȐȕȐȞȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖȑșȒȖȊȖȋȖ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȋ șȍȚȐ Ȑ ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȚȍȊȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ. ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȦ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȔ (network-centric)2. ǬȈȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ ȊȍȌȍȚ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒȐȍ-ȓȐȉȖ ȌȐșȒțșșȐȐ ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ (effects-based approach), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȜȘȍȑȔȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ Ȋ șȜȍȘȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ3.
ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȈȒ ȍȍ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ, ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȒȈȒ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ șȈȔȈ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ țȚȖȟȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȍȓȧ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ș ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȔȐ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȘȍȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ, ȘȍȜȓȍȒșȐȊȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ4. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ. ǰȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȚȖȔț, ȟȚȖ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȔ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȚȈȒȎȍ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȔ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȊȖșȗȘȐȧȚȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ
1 Alberts, David S. Information Age Transformation: Getting to a 21st Century Military. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) Publication Series, 2002, p. vii. 12 January 2011. http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_IAT.pdf.
2 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral. Prepared Statement for the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 14, 2002. p. 42. 12 January 2011. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/congress/2002_hr/cebrowski49.pdf.
3 Smith, Complexity, Networking, and Effects-Based Approaches to Operations, p. 5
4 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral, Transformation and the Changing Character of War, p. 2.
225
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ
ȕȍȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔ Ȍȓȧ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȍȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȚȈȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȍ, Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ, șȐșȚȍȔț ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȌȘȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘ.1 ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȚȈȒ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȈȟȍ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȏȈȒȈȕȟȐȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ, ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȍȋȖ ȟȓȍȕȖȊ. ǪȖ ȟȚȖ ȊȍȘȐȚ ȕȈȘȖȌ, ȒȈȒȖȊȖ ȍȋȖ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ – Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, șȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȈ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȍȚ2.
2.2 ǴȍȚȘȐȒȐ Ȍȓȧ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ
ǰȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȍșȧ ȓȐȞȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȈȍȚ ȟȍȘȚȣ șȊȖȍȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȧ ȕȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ șȖȐȏȔȍȘȧȚȤ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȔ ȕȈșȓȍȌȐȍȔ. ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȍȚȍȊȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕț, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȈȘȔȐȑ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȍȚ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȈ ȉȣ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ. ǨȌȔȐȘȈȓ ǨȘȚțȘ ǹȐȉȘȖȊșȒȐ (Arthur Cebrowski), ȊȕȍșȠȐȑ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȊȒȓȈȌ Ȋ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȗȍȘȊȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȔȍȚȘȐȒț, ȖȗȐșȈȕȕțȦ ȕȐȎȍ3. ǶȕȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚțȗ, șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ, ȊȖșȗȘȐȐȔȟȐȊȖșȚȤ, ȔȖȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȤ șȍ-
ȚȍȊȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ (access, speed, distribution, sensing, mobility, and networking),
ȕȍ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȈ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȈȒ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȋ ȝȖȌȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȍȘȐȖȌ țȋȘȖȏȣ Ȑ ȥșȒȈȓȈȞȐȐ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ. ǴȍȚȘȐȒȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ:
șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ (ȖȗȞȐȐ) (create and preserve options);
ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȣșȖȒțȦ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȑ (develop high transaction rates); ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȣșȖȒțȦșȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ (develop high learning rates); ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȍ (achieve overmatching complexity at scale).
ǹȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ Ȑ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ (ȖȗȞȐȑ). Ǫ ȕȖȊțȦ ȥȗȖȝț ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖ ȏȈȟȈșȚțȦ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȔ ș ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ Ȑ ȞȍȕȖȑ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ, ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ț ȕȈȘȖȌȈ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȊȣȎȐȚȤ, ȕȈȞȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕțȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ. DzȖȕȒț-
1 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral, The Implementation of Network-Centric Warfare, p. 48. 2 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral, Transformation and the Changing Character of War, p. 3. 3 Ibid, pp. 5-7.
226
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
ȘȍȕȚȖșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ ș ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȗțȚȍȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȐȔȍȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ț șȚȘȈȕȣ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ, șȖȏȌȈȕȐȍ ȕțȎȕȣȝ țșȓȖȊȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȍȋȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ, ȕȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔ țșȓȖȊȐȍȔ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘțȧșȤ Ȓ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ Ȋșȍ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ.
Ǫ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȖȞȍȕȒȈ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȈ șȚȘȈȕȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȈȕȈȓȐȏȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȐșȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȣȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȔ ȥȚȈȗ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȐ ȐȌȍȑ, ȊȖȒȘțȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ. ǪȣȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȍ Ȑȏ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧ ȥȚȈȗȈ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȞȐȐ ȐȌȍȑ ȘȍȏȒȖ șțȎȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȊȣȉȖȘȈ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȍȚ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȐ Ȑ țșȓȖȊȐȧ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȕȈȞȐȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȍȚȤ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ țȎȍ ȕȈ ȊȍȘȝȕȐȝ «ȥȚȈȎȈȝ» ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ șȈȔȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȒȖȔȗȍȕșȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȖșȟȍȚȣ, ȌȖȗțȡȍȕȕȣȍ ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ, ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ.
ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȑ Ȑ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȍ. ǰȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍȔ șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ. Ǫ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȥȚȖ, Ȋ ȟȐșȓȍ ȗȘȖȟȍȋȖ, ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ Ȑ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȔȗȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ. Ǫ ȥȚȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ «șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, țȟȈșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ Ȋ ȖȉȔȍȕȍ Ȑ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖȔ ȖȉȔȍȕȖȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ Ȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ»1. ǪȣșȖȒȈȧ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȏȈȓȖȋȖȔ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ ȉȖȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȑ Ȗȉ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȧȝ, șȖȏȌȈȦȡȐȝ țșȓȖȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ «ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ» Ȑ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ. ǹȚȈȋȕȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈȝ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȓȐȠȒȖȔ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ. DzȈȒ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȊșȚȘȍȟȈȦȚ ȗȘȍȗȖȕȣ Ȑ ș ȚȘțȌȖȔ ȗȖșȚțȗȈȦȚ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ, șȚȘȈȕȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐ ȜȐȒșȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ, Ȉ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ – ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȖȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ, ȟȚȖ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șȒȘȣȚȤ ȖȚ ȊȕȍȠȕȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ.
ǷȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȍ. ǷȖȌ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȊȧȏȍȑ Ȋ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ. ǿȍȔ ȊȣȠȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȚȍȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ ȗȘȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ. ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚ-
1 Ibid, pp. 5-7.
227
ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ
ȕȖ ȘȍȈȋȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȡțȦ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȍ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȖȊ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ – ȖȚ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȌȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȧȡțȦ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈ ȊșȍȔ ȌȐȈȗȈȏȖȕȍ, ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ. ǹȓȖȎȕȈȧ Ȑ ȔȍȕȧȦȡȈȧșȧ șȘȍȌȈ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ șȚȘȈȕȣ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ șȒȖȘȖșȚȐ ȚȘȈȕȏȈȒȞȐȑ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȈȌȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȉȖȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȐȏȐȘțȚșȧ Ȋ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ Ȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȧȝ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȉȖȍȔ, ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȌȈȦȚșȧ ȊȣȘȈȎȍȕȐȦ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȈ ȗȖȌșȖȏȕȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȕȍȌȖȖȞȍȕȐȊȈȍȚșȧ. ǸȍȈȓȐȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȊȕȖșȧȚ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦ ȓȍȗȚț, ȌȖȉȈȊȓȧȧ Ȓ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȔț ȗȖȓȦ ȉȖȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȈȏȔȍȘȕȖșȚȐ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ, ȟȚȖ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȍȡȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ țșȓȖȎȕȧȍȚ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȉȖȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈȝ 21 ȊȍȒȈ.
3.ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ
ǵȈ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ, șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȣȊ ȔȍȎȌț ȖȉȍȡȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȈȧ ȔȖȌȍȓȤ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚșȧ «ȔȖșȚȖȔ Ȋ ȕȐȒțȌȈ» Ȑ ȞȍȓȤȦ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȡȍȑșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȌȖșȧȋȈȍȔȖșȚȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȈȧ șȘȍȌȈ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ – șȖșȚȖȧȊȠȈȧșȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȓȍȕȕȐȒȖȔ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ Ȑ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ, ȗȣȚȈȧșȤ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ș ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤȦ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȐ Ȑ ȔȍȚȘȐȒȐ.
ǸȍȈȓȐȐ 21 ȊȍȒȈ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ, Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ șȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȐȔȍȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȐ, ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȐ Ȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȓȈȕȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȖȒșȍ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȖȊȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ țȗȘȖȡȈȍȚ ȖȉȡțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȘȈȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȍ. ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣ, ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏțȍȔȣ Ȑ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȘȍȠȍȕȣ ș ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ. ǬȘțȋȐȍ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȚȖȟȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ, Ȑ ȕȈȌȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤșȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖȔ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ. ǵȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȖȌȕȖȋȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȊȍȚȈ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ. Dz ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȖȔț ȊȣȊȖȌț ȗȖȌ-
228
ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ
ȊȖȌȐȚ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȧ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ, ȕȍȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȧȡȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȔȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȔȐ Ȋ ȕțȎȕȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ Ȑ Ȋ ȕțȎȕȖȔ ȔȍșȚȍ. ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ǹǨǹ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑ ȚȖȚ Ȏȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ șȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǹǨǹ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ, ȕȖ țȗȘȖȡȈȍȚ șȐȚțȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȕȍȍ, ȏȈșȚȈȊȓȧȧ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȍ Ȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȍ șȚȈȕȌȈȘȚȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ.
ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ȕȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ. ǬȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȐȔ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȖȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȕȖȊțȦ ȥȗȖȝț șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȍȚȍȊȖȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȕȍ șȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ, Ȑ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ șȍȚȍȊȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ1. ǺȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȍȚȍȊȖȑ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȣ Ȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȔȖȌȍȓȍȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȈ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȖșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ.
ǵȍ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȑ, ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȖȉȖȦȌȖȖșȚȘȣȑ Ȕȍȟ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȑ Ȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ țȧȏȊȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐ ȕȍȋȘȈȔȖȚȕȣȝ Ȑ ȕȍȗȘȖȌțȔȈȕȕȣȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧȝ. Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ ȕȍ Ȗȉ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧȝ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ, ȕȖ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧȝ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȊȕȖșȐȚ ȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȍ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ. ǹ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ Ȑ țȟȍșȚȤ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ – ȒȈȒ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȚțȈȓȤȕȣȍ, Ȑ țȎȍ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȋȖșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ Ȑ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ.
1 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral, The Implementation of Network-Centric Warfare, p. 4.
229
III. ǺǭǶǸǰȇ ǰ ǷǸǰǵǾǰǷȃ ǹǭǺǭǾǭǵǺǸǰǿǵȃǽ ǪǶDZǵ ǰ ǶǷǭǸǨǾǰDZ
1. DzȖȕȚȍȒșȚȣ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ
ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȕȈ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦ ȥȗȖȝț, Ȑ, ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȍȝȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ ȍȍ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȖȉȡȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȕȈ ȏȈȘȖȌȐȓȈșȤ.
1.1ǫȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ
ǫȍȖșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚ, ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖȔ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȖȚșȣȓȈȍȚ Ȓ ȋȍȖȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ Ȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ «ȒȖȕȚȐȕȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ» Ȑ «ȔȖȘșȒȐȝ» ȌȍȘȎȈȊ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȐȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉțȌțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȕȈ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȔ ȖȗȣȚȍ ȕȈȞȐșȚȒȖȑ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ Ȑ ǪȍȓȐȒȖȉȘȐȚȈȕȐȐ. ǹȐșȚȍȔȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȚȐȕȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȌȍȘȎȈȊ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȐ ȊȓȈșȚȐ. ǹȖȏȌȈȕȕȈȧ Ȋ ȕȈȞȐșȚȒȖȑ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȗȐȘȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȜȦȘȍȘȈ (Führerprinzip)1 Ȑ ȌȍȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗ-
1 Führerprinzip – «ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȊȖȎȌȧ». ǰȌȍȖȓȖȋȐȧ Führerprinzip ȊȐȌȐȚ ȒȈȎȌțȦ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ ȊȖȎȌȍȑ – ȜȦȘȍȘȖȊ (Führer). DzȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȊȖȎȌȍȑ ȕȍșȍȚ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕțȦ ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȏȈ șȊȖȦ șȜȍȘț ȒȖȔȗȍȚȍȕȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟ șȊȖȍȋȖ țȘȖȊȕȧ, ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȊȐȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȖȚ ȕȐȎȍșȚȖȧȡȐȝ Ȑ ȗȖȌȖȚȟȍȚȍȕ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȊȣȠȍșȚȖȧȡȐȔȐ ȊȖȎȌȧȔȐ. ǫȓȈȊȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ȜȦȘȍȘ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ ǨȌȖȓȤȜ ǫȐȚȓȍȘ ȕȐȒȖȔț ȕȍ ȗȖȌȖȚȟȍȚȍȕ. Führerprinzip șȚȈȓ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔ ȕȈȞȐșȚșȒȖȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȐ (ǵǹǬǨǷ) Ȑ ș ȗȘȐȝȖȌȖȔ Ȓ ȊȓȈșȚȐ ȓȍȋ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȕȍȔȍȞȒȖȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ. DzȖȘȗȖȘȈȞȐȧȔ ȉȣȓȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȖ șȖȝȘȈȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȣ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ș Führerprinzip-ȖȔ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȘȖșȚȖȍ ȗȍȘȍȐȔȍȕȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȋ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ.
ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Führerprinzip ȉȣȓ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕ ȕȍ ȕȈȞȐșȚȈȔȐ. ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ ȉȣȓ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕ ȋȘȈȜȖȔ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȖȔ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋȖȔ (Hermann Alexander Graf Keyserling), ȖșȕȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ «ȀȒȖȓȣ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ» Ȋ ǬȈȘȔȠȚȈȌȚȍ, ȐȌȍȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ Ȋ 20-ȍ Ȑ 30-ȍ ȋȖȌȣ 20 ȊȍȒȈ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȑ ȗȖȗțȓȧȘȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȋ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȊȖ ȊșȍȔ ȔȐȘȍ. ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋȈ ȋȓȈșȐȓ, ȟȚȖ «ȖȌȈȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ» «ȘȖȎȌȍȕȣ, ȟȚȖȉȣ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤ», ȕȍ ȗȖ ȗȘȈȊț ȘȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ ȒȓȈșșȈ, ȕȖ «ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȈȊȈ». Ǫ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋ ȏȈȧȊȐȓ ȖȌȕț Ȑȏ ȞȍȕȚȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȍȔ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ – ȚȍȔț ȗȘȖșȊȍȡȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȕȈȘȝȈ, ȒȖȘȖȓȧ-ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘțȦ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖșȓȍȌȐȚȤ ȊȗȓȖȚȤ ȌȖ «ǫȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ» ǷȓȈȚȖȕȈ. Ǫ 60-ȍ ȋȖȌȣ ȌȈȕȕȈȧ ȚȍȔȈ ȖȜȖȘȔȐȓȈșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ «ȔȍȘȐȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȐ».
ǹȈȔ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȊȖȏȘȈȎȈȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȑ șȊȖȍȋȖ țȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȞȐșȚȈȔȐ, ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȓșȧ ȋȖȕȍȕȐȧȔ, ȕȖ ȊȣȎȐȓ ȉȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȍ Ȋ ȈȘȐșȚȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȘțȋȈȝ Ȑ ȚȖȔț ȜȈȒȚț, ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓ ȎȍȕȈȚ ȕȈ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑȏ ȌȖȟȍȘȍȑ ǩȐșȔȈȘȒȈ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ «ȀȒȖȓȈ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ» ȉȣȓȈ ȏȈȒȘȣȚȈ, șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȕȜȐșȒȖȊȈȕȈ, Ȑ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋ țȔȍȘ Ȋ ȉȍȌȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍȏȈȌȖȓȋȖ ȌȖ ȖȒȖȕȟȈȕȐȧ ǪȚȖȘȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǹȈȔȣȔȐ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȔȐ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋȈ șȟȐȚȈȦȚșȧ «ǬȕȍȊȕȐȒ ȗțȚȍȠȍșȚȊȐȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ» (The Travel Diary of a Philosopher), «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȎȐȏȕȐ» (The Art of Life), «ǺȊȖȘȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ» (Creative Understanding), «ǪȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȈȊȌȣ» (The Recovery of Truth), «ǭȊȘȖȗȈ» (Europe). «ȀȒȖȓȈ ȔțȌȘȖșȚȐ» ȉȣȓȈ ȊȖșșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȈ șȣȕȖȔ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈ – ǨȘȕȖȓȤȌȖȔ DzȍȑȏȍȘȓȐȕȋȖȔ (1922-2005) (Arnold Keyserling). <12 January 2011. http://www.schoolofwisdom.com>.
230