Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǸȐș. 3

ǪȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǹȜȍȘȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ

ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ șȜȍȘȈ

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ

ǶȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ

ǺȈȒȚȐȒȈ

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȉȍșșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣ, ȗȖȒȈ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȦȚ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȞȍȓȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ, șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞț, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ șȜȍȘȈ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ. «Ǭȓȧ ȚȖȋȖ ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȊȍșȚȐ ȊșȦ ȊȖȑȕț <...> ȌȖ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍȋȖ ȒȖȕȞȈ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ ȊȕȐȒȕțȚȤ Ȋ ȊȣșȠȐȍ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ șȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ», – ȗȐȠȍȚ Ȗȕ. ǵȈ ȥȚȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ «șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ șȓȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȖȍȌȐȕȖ, Ȑ ȗȖȓȒȖȊȖȌȍȞ ȌȍȓȈȍȚșȧ ȖȌȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ Ȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȖȔ»1. «ǸȈȏȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȍȎȌț ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȖȑ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȍȑ», – ȗȐșȈȓ ǻȐȕșȚȖȕ ǿȍȘȟȐȓȓȤ, țșȊȈȐȊȈȧ țȘȖȒȐ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, – «ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊȣșȖȚȣ țȔȍȕȤȠȈȍȚșȧ. ǵȈǹȈȔȔȐȚȍȐșȚȐȕȕȈȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈȐșȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ șțȚȤ ȖȌȕȖ ȐȚȖȎȍ»2.

ȅȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǹȊȖȐȔ ȊȕȍȠȕȍ ȖȉȔȈȕȟȐȊȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȣȔ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍȔ ȊȍȘȚȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȕȣȔ ȐȔ «țȌȐȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȚȘȐȍȌȐȕșȚȊȖȔ» ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ (ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ), ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ Ȑ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȍȓ ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, șȝȖȌȕȣȑ ș ȗȍȘȍȊȖȘȖȚȖȔ DzȖȗȍȘȕȐȒȈ Ȋ ȈșȚȘȖȕȖȔȐȐ. ǪȖȑȕȈ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȓȈșȤ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȖȑ ș ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȓȈșȤ ȗȘȖȌȖȓȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ3.

1 Ibid, p. 111.

2 Churchill, Winston S. The World Crisis 1915. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929, p. 6.

3 Jablonsky, David “Why Is Strategy Difficult,” in Bartholomees, J. Boone Jr. (ed.). U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, 4th edition Revised and Expanded, Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, Vol. I, July 27, 2010, pp. 3-12. 12 January 2011. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1004.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǪȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ ȉȈȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ Realpolitik, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ, Ȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȝ, ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȧ ȊȕțȚȘȐȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ ȕȍ ȊȐȌȍȓȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȦȦ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒț. ǨȘȔȐȦ, ȒȈȒ ȜȖȘȔȖȖȉȘȈȏțȦȡȐȑ ȐȕșȚȐȚțȚ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ȗȣȚȈȓȐșȤ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȚ ȥȘȖȏȐȐ ȓȐȉȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȌȍȑ. «ǨȘȔȐȧ ȚȍȗȍȘȤ ȕȈȠȍ ȖȚȍȟȍșȚȊȖ», – ȗȐșȈȓ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǨȓȤȉȘȍȝȚ ȜȖȕ Ǹțȕ (Albrecht Theodor Emil von Roon) șȊȖȍȑ Ȏȍȕȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ 1848 ȋȖȌȈ. – «ǺȖȓȤȒȖ ȚțȌȈ ȕȍ ȊȕȍȌȘȐȓȐșȤ ȕȍȟȐșȚȣȍ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘțȠȈȦȡȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȗȖȊȍȘȋȈȦȡȐȍ Ȋ ȉȍșȗȖȘȧȌȖȒ Ȋșȍ, ȒțȌȈ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȕȐȒȈȦȚ»1. Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȐȏȖȓȧȞȐȖȕȐȏȔ ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȚ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȔ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȐ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ, ȕȐ ȍȋȖ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȐȒȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȚȤ, Ȓ ȒȈȒȐȔ ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȔ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȘȈȚȐȔȣȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȊȍȌțȚ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ, ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȊ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȚȘȐȈȌȣ. ǻȎȍ Ȓ ȒȖȕȞț 19 ȊȍȒȈ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȐȓȐșȤ ȗȖ Ȋșȍȑ ǭȊȘȖȗȍ, ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȊ ȖȚ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȕșȍȕșțșȈ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȖȊ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ2.

ǬȘțȋȐȔ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȑ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ Ȑ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȈȘȔȐȐ, țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȈ – ȠȚȈȉȈ. ǪȍȘȠȐȕȖȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȕȌȍȕȞȐȐ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȋȍȘȔȈȕșȒȐȑ ǫȍȕȍȘȈȓȤȕȣȑ ȠȚȈȉ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘț Ȑ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȗȣȚȈȓȖșȤ ȒȖȗȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ ȍȊȘȖȗȍȑșȒȐȑ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ3. ǼȍȓȤȌȔȈȘȠȈȓ ǨȘȟȐȉȈȓȤȌ ǻȍȑȊȍȓȓ (Archibald Wavell), ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȧ țșȗȍȝȐ ǫȍȘȔȈȕȐȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ șȚȘȖȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȍ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȣȝ Ȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȍȌȗȖșȣȓȒȈȝ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȧ, ȟȚȖ «ȊȏȈȐȔȖȏȈȔȍȕȧȍȔȖșȚȤ ȔȍȎȌț ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȐȕȖȔ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈșȤ <…> Ȋ 11 ȊȍȒȍ. ǵȍȔȞȣ șȚȈȓȐ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȈȔȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȌȍȓȈ, Ȉ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȐȧ, țȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȧ Ȑȝ ȚȍȝȕȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, șȗȍȞȐȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȓȐ ȥȚț ȟȍȘȚț»4.

Ǫ 20 ȊȍȒȍ ș ȕȈȘȈșȚȈȦȡȍȑ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤȦ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȓȐșȤ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȚȐȗȣ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ, Ȍȓȧ ȖȉșȓțȎȐȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖșȤ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ. ǵȖȊȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȘȈȏȔȣȊȈȓȐ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȚȒțȦ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț ȔȐȘȕȣȔ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȔ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ, ȊȍȌțȡȐȔȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, Ȉ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȐȑ Ȑ țșȓȖȎȕȧȦȡȐȑșȧ ȖȉȢȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȌȍȓȈȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔ ȒȖȕȚȘȖȓȤ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ Ȑ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ ȕȈȌ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȜȍș-

1 Craig, Gordon A. The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956, p. 107. 2 Handel, Michael I. War, Strategy and Intelligence. London: Frank Cass, 1989, p. 82.

3 Jablonsky, Why Is Strategy Difficult, p. 73.

4 Wavell, Archibald. Generals and Generalship. London: Macmillan Company, 1941, pp. 33-34.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

șȐȖȕȈȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ1. ǺȍȗȍȘȤ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ șȒȖȕȞȍȕȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ Ȋșȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȘȍșțȘșȣ – ȖȚ șȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȝȖȏȧȑșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȐ ȌȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȗȈȋȈȕȌȣ. ǸȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȍ ȘȖȓȐ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ Ȋ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǰȕȚȍȘȍșȕȖ, ȟȚȖ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ, ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȋȍȕȐȧ, Ȋ șȊȖȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȗȘȖȐȋȕȖȘȐȘȖȊȈȓ dzȈȏȈȘȧ DzȈȘȕȖ (Lazare Carnot), «ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȚȖȘȈ ȗȖȉȍȌ» ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȈ. ǵȖȊȣȑ ȊȍȒ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȓ, ȟȚȖ «ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ ȋȍȕȐȑ», ȉȍȘȧ ȕȈșȍȉȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȍȎȌț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ Ȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȐȔ ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖȔ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȖȌȕȐȔ ȐȏȘȍȠȈȦȡȐȝȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ2.

ǿȚȖȉȣ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȊȍșȚȐ ȚȖȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȘȈȊȐȚȍȓȤșȚȊȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȣ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕțȦ ȎȐȏȕȤ șȊȖȐȝ șȚȘȈȕ, ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȚȣȍ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ǻȐȓȤȧȔ ǬȎȍȑȔș (William James), «ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖ ȎȍșȚȒȈȧ (ȖșȚȘȈȧ) Ȑ ȗȍȘȔȈȕȍȕȚȕȖ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȦȡȈȧ ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȕȈȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ Ȓ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȑ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȖȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȚ ȐȋȘȈȚȤ ȘȖȓȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȒȐ ȔȈșȚȍȘșȚȊȈ, ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȖȋȖ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ «ȔȐȘȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ»3. ǺȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ șȜȍȘȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖ, ȌȍȓȈȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒț Ȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȦ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ. ǶȞȍȕȐȊȈȧ ȗȘȖȐȏȖȠȍȌȠȐȍ Ȋ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȍ ǷȍȘȊȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȒȈȘȌȐȕȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ șȜȍȘȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȈȌȔȐȘȈȓ ǫȍȕȘȐ ȅȒȒȓȍș (Henry Eccles) ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȓ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ ȒȈȒ «ȊșȍȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȍȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȋșȍȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȍ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ»4.

4.ǷȖȕȧȚȐȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ

ȐșȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǪȖȑȕȈ – Ȋ ȊȣșȠȍȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȐ ȞȍȓȖșȚȕȖȍ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖșȖȉȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔȐ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȈȔȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȑȕ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȊȕȍșȍȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȑ Ȋ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ, ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț5. Ǫ ȘȧȌȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȌȖȒțȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȤ țȎȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȧȏȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȒȈȚȍȋȖȘȐȐ, ȟȚȖ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȘȧȌȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȝ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ. ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȊșȍȋȖ ȥȚȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȖ ș țșȓȖȎȕȍȕȐȍȔ

1 Handel, War, Strategy and Intelligence, p. 79.

2 Ibid, p. 60.

3 James, William. “The Moral Equivalent of War.” Lecture 11 in Memories and Studies. New York: Longman Green and Co., 1911, pp. 273-274.

4 Eccles, Henry E. Military Power in a Free Society. Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1979, p. 70. 5 Bar-Yam, Complexity of Military Conflict, p. 2.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍȔ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ Ȑ, ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȈ ȖȗȞȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ țȟȐȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȕȈțȒȐ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȖ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔțȦ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȉȈȏț Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑȕȣȑ ȈȗȗȈȘȈȚ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȑȕț Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ș ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȑ.

ǰȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȈȏȐȓȖșȤ ȕȈ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ, Ȑ ȖȕȈ, ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȗȘȍȎȌȍ, ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȖȔ ȎȐȊȣȝ, ȌțȔȈȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȘȍȈȋȐȘțȦȡȐȝ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ – ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ. DzȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȣȘȖș ȖȉȢȍȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔȐ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȊȓȈȌȍȚȤ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ, Ȉ șȒȖȘȖȚȍȟȕȖșȚȤ ȉȖȧ șȌȍȓȈȓȈ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȉȣșȚȘȖȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕțȦ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȦ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ. ȅȚȖ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚȈȕȐȦ ȘȖȓȐ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȖȑ ȌȈȎȍ Ȍȓȧ ȕȍșȗȍȞȐȈȓȐșȚȖȊ șȗȘȈȊȍȌȓȐȊȖșȚȤ șȚȈȘȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȌȘțȋȐȔ1.

«ǪȖȑȕȈ – ȥȚȖ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȈȧ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȕȍ ȖȚȊȍȟȈȍȚ ȌȍȚȍȘȔȐȕȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȈȔ. ǬȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȉȣșȚȘȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ țȋȘȖȏ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȍșȈȔ țșȒȖȘȧȦȚ Ȑ țșȐȓȐȊȈȦȚ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ – ȚȘȍȕȐȍ, șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ. DzțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ ȗȘȍȗȧȚșȚȊȐȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ «ȚțȔȈȕ ȊȖȑȕȣ» Ȑ ȊȖȏȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȕȈ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊ ȖȉȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ (ȉȘȍȔȧ) ȖșȚȈȊȈȚȤșȧ ȟțȚȒȐȔ, ȋȐȉȒȐȔ Ȑ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȘȍȎȐȔȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ Ȑ țȔȍȕȤȠȐȚȤ țȧȏȊȐȔȖșȚȤ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȥȚȖ ȐȍșȚȤȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ»2.

Ǫ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȖșȚȘȖ șȚȖȐȚ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȝȖȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ Ȑ «ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ» ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, țȟȐȚȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ ȒȈȒ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȔȈȠȐȕȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ ș ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȕȖȊȈȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ ȗȖȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȕȈ Ȋșȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȌȍȧȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț, ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒț ȒȈȌȘȖȊ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ, ȒȈȒ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȈȍȚ DzȖȓȐȕ ǫȘȍȑ, «ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȍ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ ȗțȚȈȍȚșȧ ș ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ. ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȍ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ Ȋ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȖ ȗțȚȈȦȚ ș ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȍȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȊȣȚȍȒȈȦȡȍȑ Ȑȏ ȊȖȑȕȣ (Ț.ȍ. ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȗȘȐȔ. Ǹ.Ǩ.)»3. ǬȘțȋȐȔ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȏȈȚȘȈȋȐȊȈȦȚ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒț ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȍȍ ȓȖȋȐȒț.

1 Whitehead, Balancing Tyche, pȘ. 197-198.

2 Scott-Kakures, Dion, Susan Castagnetto, Hugh Benson, William Taschek, and Paul Hurley. History of Philosophy.

New York: HarperPerennial, 1993, pp. 213-215. 3 Gray, Modern Strategy, p. 364.

164

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

4.1 ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǺȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ș ȒȈȎȌȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ țȟȈșȚȊțȦȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȊȖȐȕșȒȐȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ (șȐȓȣ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ). Ǫ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȈȍȚ ȚȈ șȚȖȘȖȕȈ, ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ, ȚȖ ȍșȚȤ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȔȕȖȋȖȟȐșȓȍȕȕȣ Ȑ ȓțȟȠȍ Ȗȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȣ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȖȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȗȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍ ȖȚȖȠȓȐ Ȋ ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ, Ȑ «ǩțȘȧ Ȋ ȗțșȚȣȕȍ» ȉȣȓȈ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȈȕȈ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȈ ȗȖ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȦ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ.

ǶȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȌȘțȋțȦ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȒț. ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȐȏțȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȈȔȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ ǹȀǨ ȊȖ ǪȤȍȚȕȈȔȍ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȈ ǹǹǹǸ Ȋ ǨȜȋȈȕȐșȚȈȕȍ. ǹțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, ȖȉȢȧșȕȧȦȡȐȝ, ȗȖȟȍȔț Ȗȉȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȈȕȣ, ȕȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȝ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȚȤ Ȑȝ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ. ǵȈ ȖȉȍȐȝ ȊȖȑȕȈȝ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȗȘȖȊȍșȚȐ ȟȍȚȒțȦ ȋȘȈȕȐȞț ȔȍȎȌț șȊȖȐȔȐ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȕȈȌȍȎȕȖ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȊȖȐȝ Ȑ ȟțȎȐȝ. ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȉȣȓȐ ȘȈșșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȣ Ȑ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȕȈ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȕȍșȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȉȖȑ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ, ȟȚȖ ȌȍȓȈȓȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȚȖȟȕȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑȝ ȔȍșȚȖȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȧ1. Ǫ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ, șȖȏȌȈȕȕȣȍ Ȍȓȧ țȟȈșȚȐȧ Ȋ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȝ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ, șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȓȐșȤ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ș ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȐȔȍȧ ȔȍȕȤȠȐȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ.

ǶȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ țȘȖȒȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȐȏȊȓȍȒȓȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȔȣșȓȤ Ȑȏ ȥȚȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ, ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȣȐȋȘȈȕȣ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȑ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǿȚȖȉȣ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ, ȗȘȖȚȍȒȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȘȈșșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȉȖȍȊȈȧ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ Ȑ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ. ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȘȈșșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȝ, șȓȈȉȖ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘțȍȔȣȝ ȊȖȐȕșȒȐȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ șȓȈȉȈȧ șȊȧȏȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȈȞȐȧ ȊȖȑșȒ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȔȍșȚȖ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ. ǩȖȍȊȣȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȖȊȣȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ șȓȈȉȖȑ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȈȞȐȐ, Ȉ ȒȓȦȟȍȊȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ țșȗȍȝȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȔȈȓȣȝ ȗȖȌȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȈȔȖșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȖ. ǺȈȒȖȍ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖȉȐȚȤșȧ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕțȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ, ȕȖ Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ. ǷȖȉȍȌȈ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȍ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ, ȍșȓȐ șȓȖȎ-

1 Bar-Yam, Complexity of Military Conflict, p. 19.

165

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȍȊȣȠȈȍȚ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȐ ȊȖȑșȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ.

ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ ȊȍșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȦȚșȧ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȤȦ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȟȈșȚȍȑ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȝ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȍ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șȓȈȉȖȑ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȈȞȐȐ. DzȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȖȔ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȐȓ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȐȓȣ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȈ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȔȖȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȡȍȊȖȑșȒȖȊȣȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊ ȐȘȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȝ șȐȓ. ǵȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȘȖșȚ ȌȖȊȍȘȐȧ Ȓ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȍȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȗȘȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȖȊ1. «ȅȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȍ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔ șȘȍȌȣ ȐȓȐ ȊȖȑșȒ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. ǻșȓȖȊȐȧ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖ ǪȤȍȚȕȈȔȍ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȦȚșȧ ȖȚ ǨȜȋȈȕȐșȚȈȕȈ, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȊȖȑșȒȈ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ, Ȑȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ. ǹȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȗȍȞȐȜȐȟȕȣȔ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȒȓȐȔȈȚȈ, ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ ȗșȐȝȖ-șȖȞȐȖ-ȒțȓȤȚțȘȕȖȔț ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ Ȑ ȋȘȈȎȌȈȕșȒȖȋȖ ȕȈșȍȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȏȈ șȟȍȚ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ șȖșȚȈȊȈ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȥȒȐȗȐȘȖȊȒȐ ȊȖȑșȒ»2.

ǹȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȋȖȚȖȊȣ ȊȍșȚȐ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȒȈȒ ș ȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȔȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ș ȐȘȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔȐ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȣȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȘȘȍȋțȓȧȘȕȖȑ, ȈșȐȔȔȍȚȘȐȟȕȖȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȐ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ3. ȅȚȖ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȚȒȈȏȣȊȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȈȓȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȕșȐȊȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȖȊșȚȈȕȟȍșȒȐȍ Ȑ ȗȈȘȚȐȏȈȕșȒȐȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ «ȕȍȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȔȐ», «ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȣȔȐ» ȊȐȌȈȔȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȐȚȤ. ǩȖȓȤȠȐȍ ȊȖȑșȒȖȊȣȍ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȖȉȡȍȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ, șȚȈȓȒȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ș ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȔȖȑ ȓȐȕȐȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ, ȟȍȚȒȐȔȐ ȖȋȕȍȊȣȔȐ ȞȍȓȧȔȐ, țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȕȈȐȉȖȓȤȠȐȑ țȘȖȕ, ȒȖȕȚȘȈșȚȐȘțȦȚ ș ȗȓȖȝȖ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘțȍȔȣȔȐ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ șȗȍȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȕȈȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȧȔȐ, ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȔȣȔȐ Ȋ ȋȖȘȐșȚȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȟȍȘȚȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ ȖȉȖȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȘȍȟȤ ȐȌȍȚ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ Ȑ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȑ ȋȘȈȔȔȈȚȐȒȍ Ȑ ȓȖȋȐȒȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ4.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȔȈșȠȚȈȉ Ȑ ȖȋȕȍȊțȦ ȔȖȡȤ ȊȖȑșȒȖȊȣȝ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȍȊ ȖȞȍȕȒȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ ȊȖȖȘț-

1 Ibid, p. 24.

2 Ibid, p. 20.

3 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 29. 4 Bar-Yam, Complexity of Military Conflict, p. 1.

166

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ȏȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȜȓȐȒȚȍ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ ȗȖȚȍȘȧ ȊȖȑșȒȈȔȐ ȉȖȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ țȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑȝ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȋȕȍȊȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ. ǸȖȓȤ Ȑ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȣȗțȒȓȖ ȊȐȌȕȣ ȗȘȐ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐȓ ȔȈȓȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ ș ȖȉȡȍȊȖȑșȒȖȊȣȔȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȋ țșȓȖȊȐȧȝ ȋȖȘȐșȚȖȑ ȔȍșȚȕȖșȚȐ ȐȓȐ Ȋ ȟȍȘȚȍ ȋȖȘȖȌȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȚȧȎȍȓȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȧȦȡȍȋȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȈ.

ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, ȉȍȏ țȟȍȚȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȈȚȤ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕțȦ ȖȞȍȕȒț ȉȖȍȊȣȔ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔ ȊȖȐȕșȒȐȝ ȟȈșȚȍȑ Ȑ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȑ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȈ șȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȊȖȑșȒ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȚȤ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣȍ Ȑ ȒȖȖȘȌȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȟȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȖȉȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȚȤ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ șȖȞȐȖ-ȒțȓȤ- ȚțȘȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ. ǻȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ țȕȐȟȚȖȎȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȔȔțȕȐȒȈȞȐȑ, ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȈ, ȗȖȚȍȘȐ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȔȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȘ. ǷȖȊȣȠȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȈ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ1.

4.2 ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕțȦ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȧ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ, ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘ ȊȍȒȖȊȖȋȖ ȉȈȋȈȎȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȊȕȍșȍȕȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ șȐșȚȍȔț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȉȖȍȊȖȑ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȐ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘț ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ2. ǪȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊț șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧȔ ȔȍȎȌțȕȈȘȖȌȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ, șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤ ȗȈȘȐȚȍȚ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ3. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȧȊȓȧȓȈșȤ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, Ȑ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ, ȒȈȒ «ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊȈ» Ȑ «ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ», Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȈȜȖȘȐȏȔ, ȟȚȖ «ȕȐ ȖȌȐȕ ȗȓȈȕ ȕȍ ȊȣȎȐȊȈȍȚ ȗȖșȓȍ ȗȍȘȊȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ș ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ», ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȈșȗȍȒȚȣ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ4. ǷȖȊȣȠȍȕȕȣȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș Ȓ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ 21 ȊȍȒȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȐȔȗȚȖȔȖȔ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȕȈ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȔ ȥȚȈȗȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ. ǪȍȘȖȧȚȕȖ, ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȍȘȊȣȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ, ȗȘȐȏȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȉȣȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȔȐ, ȉȣȓ ȒȐȚȈȑșȒȐȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓ Ȗ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȓ ȚȍȒț-

1 Ibid, p. 2.

2 Whitehead, Balancing Tyche, p. 49.

3 Bar-Yam, Complexity of Military Conflict, p. 11. 4 Dickerson, Adaptability, p. 216.

167

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȡȍȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ ȒȈȒ șȈȔȐȝ ȈȘȔȐȑ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȊȖȍȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȐȒȖȊ. «DzȈȒ ȊȖȌȈ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ ȕȍȚ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ. ǰ ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ, ȒȈȒ ȊȖȌȈ ȗȘȐȕȖȘȈȊȓȐȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȍ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȓ ȏȍȔȓȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȈȘȔȐȧ țȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȖȉȍȌȖȑ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐșșȐȚțȈȞȐȍȑȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ»1.

ǵȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȣȍ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȊȓȐȧȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧȚ Ȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȋ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȍ, Ȑ «ȍȑ (ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȞȍȓȐ) ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ șȟȐȚȈȚȤșȧ ș ȗȘȐȘȖȌȖȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȖȕȈ ȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚșȧ, Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, șȈȔȖȑ ȟȈșȚȖ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȚȤșȧ ȒȖȘȍȕȕȖȔț ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȦ…»2. ǹ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȍȐȏȉȍȎȕȖ ȔȍȕȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ, Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȖȞȍȕȒȈȔ Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȖȞȍȕȒȈȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ. ǰȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȖȋțȚ șȚȈȚȤ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȈ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȔ șȊȖȍȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȐȊȠȐȔșȧ țșȓȖȊȐȧȔ. ǵȍșȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ șȊȖȍȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȍȗȘȍȘȣȊȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȔțșȧ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚț ȊȖȑȕȣ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȐȔȍȚȤ ȜȈȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖșȓȍȌșȚȊȐȧ Ȍȓȧ «ȏȈȗȈȏȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑ» șȚȖȘȖȕȣ. «ǶȋȘȖȔȕȖȑ ȖȠȐȉȒȖȑ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȓȐȌȍȘȖȊ ȗȍȘȊȖȑ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȉȣȓ Ȑȝ ȖȚȒȈȏ (ȏȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȔȐ ȐșȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧȔȐ) ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ3. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓ ǬȎțȓȐȖ Ǭțȥ (Giulio Douhet): «ǷȖȉȍȌȈ țȓȣȉȈȍȚșȧ ȚȍȔ, ȒȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȊȖșȝȐȡȈȍȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȚȍȔ, ȒȚȖ ȊȣȎȐȌȈȍȚ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȕȐȔ țȎȍ ȗȖșȓȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȚ»4. dzȐȌȌȍȓ ǫȈȘȚ, ȋȖȊȖȘȧ Ȗȉ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȓȈȕȈȝ, ȗȐșȈȓ: «ǿȚȖȉȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȕȣȔ, ȓȦȉȖȑ ȗȓȈȕ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤ ȊȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ șȖȘȊȈȚȤ ȍȋȖ; ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȗȓȈȕȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȊȈȘȤȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȟȚȖȉȣ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ; ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ șȗȖșȖȉȖȔ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȍȑ ȐȕȐȞȐȈȚȐȊț, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ȓȐȕȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȞȍȓȐ (ȏȈȌȈȟȐ)»5.

ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȖȚ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐ6. ǫȐȉȒȖșȚȤ ȗȖ șȊȖȍȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȘȍȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȍȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȍȔȈȕȚȐȒȍ. ǩȣȚȤ ȋȐȉȒȐȔ, ȐȏȋȐȉȈȚȤșȧ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȚȤșȧ ȗȖȌ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȝ șȐȓ, Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȒȈȒȖȊȣȝ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊȍ ȊȣșȚțȗȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ Ȗȕ ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘțȍȚ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, Ȑ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȖȌȘȈȏțȔȍ-

1Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 63.

2 Clausewitz, On War, p. 87.

3 Leonard, Robert R. The Principles of War for the Information Age. Novato, CA: Presidio Press Inc., 1998, p. 5.

4 Tsouras, Peter G. Warrior's Words: A Quotation Book: From Sesostris III to Schwarzkopf, 1871 B.C. to A.D. 1991. London: Cassell Arms and Armour, 1992, p. 21.

5 Liddell Hart, Basil H. Strategy. Second edition, 1954, reprint, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967, p. 338.

6 Frost, Robert S. “The Growing Imperative to Adopt “Flexibility” as an American Principle of War,” Strategic Research Project, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 1999. 12 January 2011. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ssi/ principles_of_war_frost.pdf.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȊȈȍȚ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȚȈȒȐȍ ȒȈȒ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ, ȗȘȖȘȣȊ, ȕȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȘȍȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ.

ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȣȔ, ȈȚȈȒțȦȡȐȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȐȓȖ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȘȧȌȍ țșȚȈȊȖȊ ǹȀǨ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖș-

ȚȐ Ȋ ǩȖȍȊȖȔ țșȚȈȊȍ ǪǴǹ ǹȀǨ (Fleet Marine Field Manual 1-0, Leading Marines)

ȊȣȋȓȧȌȐȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ: «ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȠȐȔ ȒȓȦȟȖȔ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȕȐȧ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ ȚȘȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȖȊ. ǽȖȚȧ ȖȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȐȕȖȕȐȔȖȔ ȋȐȉȒȖșȚȐ, ȖȕȈ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ Ȍțȝ ȐȕȕȖȊȈȞȐȐ. ǪǴǹ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȖ șȚȘȍȔȧȚșȧ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȖȊțȦ ȚȈȒȚȐȒț, ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ Ȑ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘȣ Ȓ ȘȍȈȓȐȧȔ șȘȍȌȣ. ǰȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘțȦȚșȧ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȐ Ȋ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȗȖȘȧȌȒȈȝ, ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȖȚȒȈȏ ȖȚ țșȚȈȘȍȊȠȐȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ Ȑ ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȔȖȌȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȒȐ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȓȍȏȕȖșȚȐ. ǹȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ǪǴǼ ȟțȊșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ ȒȖȔȜȖȘȚȕȖ Ȋ șȘȍȌȍ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȍȚ ȚȘȍȕȐȍ. ǶȗȣȚ, ȏȌȘȈȊȣȑ șȔȣșȓ Ȑ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ – Ȋșȍ ȥȚȖ ȗȖȔȖȋȈȍȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔȖȘșȒȖȔț ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊț ȉȣȚȤ șȚȖȑȒȐȔ»1.

Ǫ ǩȖȍȊȖȔ țșȚȈȊȍ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ șȐȓ ǹȀǨ (The Army, Field Manual 1) ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȓȐȌȍȘȈ: «ǵȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ șțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ șȈȔȖȈȕȈȓȐȏț Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ. ǸțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ, șȗȖșȖȉȕȣȍ Ȓ șȈȔȖȈȕȈȓȐȏț, ȗȖȕȐȔȈȦȚ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕțȦ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒț, ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȐȓȤȕȣȍ Ȑ șȓȈȉȣȍ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ Ȑ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖ țȟȈȚșȧ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȍȖȌȖȓȍȚȤ șȊȖȐ șȓȈȉȖșȚȐ. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȐȚȍȓȐ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ, Ȋ ȗȍȘȊțȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȚȤ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȓ șȈȔȖȈȕȈȓȐȏț, ȏȈȚȍȔ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤȦ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȚȤ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ, ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȥȚȐ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȑ țȟȐȚȤșȧ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȖȕȐȔȖȋțȚȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȕȐȔ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ țșȗȍȝȈȊȕȖȊȖȑșȘȍȌȍ»2.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȔȍȕȧȚȤ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ ș ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȐ. ǨȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ:

x ȊȔȍșȚȍ ș ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȚ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ Ȑ ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȦȚ ȕȖȊȣȝ țȟȈșȚȕȐȒȖȊ Ȋ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȈȞȐȐ;

x șȖȏȌȈȦȚȕȖȊȣȍȒȖȈȓȐȞȐȐ, șȗȖșȖȉȣȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧșȌȘțȋȐȔȐȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧȔȐ; x șȋȓȈȎȐȊȈȦȚ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ;

x ȘȈȏȘȈȉȈȚȣȊȈȦȚ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘțȦȚ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȐȖȉȘȍȚȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȗȣȚ3.

1 U.S. Department of the Navy. “Leading Marines,” Fleet Marine Field Manual 1-0, Washington, DC, January 3, 1995, p. 66. <http://www.fs.fed.us/fire/doctrine/genesis_and_evolution/source_materials/MCW-6-11_leading_marines.pdf>.

2 U.S. Department of the Army. “The Army,” Field Manual 1. Washington, DC, June 14 2001, pp. 12-13. < http://www.army.mil/fm1/PDF/FM%201.zip>.

3 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 153.

169

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǹȀǨ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ Ȓ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȓ ǶȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ(U.S. Joint Forces): «ǶȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ǹȀǨ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȖȍȊȣȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȓ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȍȕȐȦ ȒȘȐȏȐșȕȣȝ șȐȚțȈȞȐȑ ȉȍȏ ȗȖȚȍȘȐ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȐ»1. ǶȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȖ Ȋ ȜȖȘȔȈȚȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ «ǹȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȐȏȌȈȕȐȧ 1, ǶȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǹțȝȖȗțȚȕȣȝ șȐȓ ǹȀǨ» (Joint Publication 1, Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States).

ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ.

Ȉ. ǾȍȓȤȦ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȔȖȌȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȑ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȈȋȘȍșșȐȊȕȖ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚ, ȜȖȘșȐȘțȦȚ Ȑ/ȐȓȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȓȖȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȕȈ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ ȗȖȓȧ ȉȖȧ.

ȉ. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȍ ȒȈȌȘȣ Ȋșȍȝ țȘȖȊȕȍȑ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȓȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ, ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ (ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ). ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȍȚ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȍȔțȦ ȝȈȖșȖȔ, ȕȍȗȖșȚȖȧȕșȚȊȖȔ, ȕȈșȐȓȐȍȔ, șȓțȟȈȑȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȚȘȍȕȐȍȔ Ȑ ȚțȔȈȕȖȔ ȗȘȐ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȚȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ. ǶȕȈ ȗȖȖȡȘȧȍȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȔȖȌȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȦ ȏȈȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȋ șȊȍȚȍ ȚȍȒțȡȍȑ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȧ ȔȐșșȐȐ Ȑ ȗȖȌȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȧ ȕȈȔȍȘȍȕȐȑ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȈ (ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ). ȅȚȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȖ Ȍȓȧ Ȋșȍȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȘȖȔȍ ȉȖȍȊȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȐȏȖȉȘȍȚȈȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȕȈȝȖȌȟȐȊȖșȚȤ, ȕȖȊȈȚȖȘșȚȊȖ Ȑ ȊȖȖȉȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȋȘțȗȗȣ. ǶȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȖȔ. ǴȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȈȧ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ – ȥȚȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈȑȚȐ, ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ Ȑ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣȍ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ, ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ (șȘȍȌȍ). ǶȕȈ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȜȐȏȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȐ ȌȍȑșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȈȔ ȐȓȐ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ (ȕȈȊȧȏȣȊȈȚȤ) ȕȖȊȣȍ ȋȖȘȈȏȌȖ ȉȣșȚȘȍȍ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ Ȑ ȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Țȍȝ șȐȓ Ȑ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȍȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ – ȥȚȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ, șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȍ ȘȈȏțȔȈ Ȑ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ǶȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȣȝȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ2.

DzȖȕȊȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȧ ȘȧȌȈ ȜȈȒȚȖȘȖȊ, ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔȐ Ȑȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ, țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȔȗȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ, ȘȈȏȔȣȊȈȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȔȍȎȌț șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ șȖȉȣ-

1 U.S. Joint Staff, Directorate for Operational Plans and Joint Force Development. “Evolving Joint Perspective: US Joint Warfare and Crisis Resolution in the 21st Century,” White Paper, Washington, DC: United States Department of Defense, 28 January 2003, pp. 5-6. 12 January 2011. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA493583.

2 U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. “Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States,” Joint Publication 1, Washington, DC: United States Department of Defense, 2000, pp. B1-B2. https://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1.pdf.

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