Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȚȐȧȔȐ, ȊȖȏȘȖșȠȍȍ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȑ, Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȉȣșȚȘȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ, ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȖȊ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȘȈȏȔȣȊȈȕȐȦ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ Ȑ, șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖ, ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ Ȓ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔ șȐȓȈȔ. ǵȈȘȖȎȌȈȦȡȈȧșȧ ȥȗȖȝȈ, ȌȍȓȈȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȚ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔȈ, ȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȖȔ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ șȜȍȘȈ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȍ ș ȕȖȊȣȔȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ «ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȔ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ țȔȍȕȐȍ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȔșȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȈȔ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈȔ»1.

Ǫ ȒȖȕȚȍȒșȚȍ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȖȉȓȈȌȈȦȡȍȑ ȐȕȍȘȞȐȖȕȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ șȖȗȘȖȚȐȊȓȧȦȡȍȑșȧ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔ, ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȟȈșȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȔȖșȚȖȔ ȔȍȎȌț șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ Ȑ ȉțȌțȡȐȔȐ2. «ǷȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȒȈ Ȓ ȉțȌțȡȍȔț ȗȖȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȖȚ ȕȈș ȌțȔȈȚȤ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȕȖ Ȑ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤ ȚȈȒȐȍ ȚȐȗȣ șȐȓ Ȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣșȚȘȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȖȊȣȔ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔ Ȑ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ. ǹȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȉțȌȍȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȖȑ Ȋ ȔȐȘȍ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȔ ȕȍȖȎȐȌȈȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȔȐ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈȔȐ ȕȖȊȖȑ șȘȍȌȣ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ»3. ǨȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȔȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȖȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ șȗȘȈȊȐȚȤșȧ ș ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȉțȌțȡȍȋȖ, ȘȈșȠȐȘȍȕȕȣȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȐȓȣ, ȌȐȊȍȘșȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȔȐ Ȑ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ țȋȘȖȏȈȔȐ Ȑ ȊȖȑȕȈȔȐ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȋȓțȉȖȒțȦ ȗȘȖȘȈȉȖȚȈȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ «ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ» Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȕȈșȚȖȧȚȍȓȤȕȈȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ Ȋ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȍ țșȚȖȧȊȠȐȝșȧ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ Ȑ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ4.

4.3 DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ»

ȀȐȘȖȒȖȍ ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȍ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȊȖ Ȋșȍ șȜȍȘȣ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȗȖȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȓȖ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȈ ȚȈȒȐȝ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȑ, ȒȈȒ ȔȖȡȤ, ȖșțȡȍșȚȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ, ȗȘȖȞȍșș țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ șȚȘțȒȚțȘ Ȑ ȗȘ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȦ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» (power to the edge), ȐșșȓȍȌțȦȡțȦ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȚ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȋ ȋȓȖȉȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȈ ȕȈ ȊȣȏȖȊȣ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ. ǷȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȍ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ, ȊȊȐȌț ȍȍ ȖȉȢȍȔȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍ ȊȝȖȌȐȚ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȐ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ, ȟȚȖ ȊȣȕțȎȌȈȍȚ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȚȤșȧ ȓȐȠȤ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȖșȕȖȊȕȣȝ, ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ.

1 Myers, Richard B. “We Can Not Rest On Our Success,” interview by Gerry J. Gilmore, Defense Link, September 13, 2002. 12 January 2011. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2002/09/mil-020913-dod01.htm.

2 Dickerson, Adaptability, pp. 201-202.

3 Rumsfeld, Donald H. “21st Century Transformation of U.S. Armed Forces,” speech, National Defense University, Ft McNair, Washington, DC, January 31, 2002. 12 January 2011. http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=183. 4 Dickerson, Adaptability, p. 217.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȕȈȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȐȧȔȐ Ȑ ȊȓȈșȚȤȦ ȓȦȌȍȑ, ȘȈȉȖȚȈȦȡȐȝ ȕȈ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȋȌȍ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ș ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ. ǷȍȘȍȔȍȡȍȕȐȍ ȊȓȈșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖȔȖȟȐȑ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖȑ ȚȘȈȕșȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ șȈȔȖȑ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȧ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȚȐȗȈ «ȒȘȖȔȖȟȕȣȝ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȑ» (edge organizations). ǴȍȕȍȌȎȍȘȣ ȊȣșȠȍȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȈ Ȋ ȒȘȖȔȖȟȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȗȍȘȍȔȍȡȈȧșȤ Ȓ «ȒȘȈȦ» ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȌȍȓȈȦȚ ȕȍȕțȎȕȣȔ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȍ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ ȔȍȕȍȌȎȍȘȖȊ șȘȍȌȕȍȋȖ ȏȊȍȕȈ. DzȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȉȦȘȖȒȘȈȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȖȊ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘȖȊȈȊȠȈȧ Ȋ 20 ȊȍȒȍ, ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȍȚșȧ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ, șȍȚȍȊȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔȐ, ȓȐȠȈȧ ȐȍȘȈȘȝȐȦ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȍȑ ȘȖȓȐ1.

ǺȍȖȘȐȧ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ (ǹǾǪ) (network-centric war), ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȔȈȧ Ȋ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ ȋȓȈȊȍ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ Ȋ șȍȉȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȦ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȍȋȖ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ2. ǩȍȏ ȊȕȍȌȘȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈ șȈȔȖșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ – ȖȌȕȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ ȈȚȘȐȉțȚȖȊ ǹǾǪ. ǹȈȔȖșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȗȖȌȊȐȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȚȘȍȔȐȚȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ (agility) ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȎȐȊțȟȍșȚȤ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȔȐșșȐȐ. ǸȧȌ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȝ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ șȟȐȚȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» Ȑ ȍȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ǹȀǨ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȔ ȠȈȋȖȔ Ȍȓȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ ǹȀǨȊ 21 ȊȍȒȍ3.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ «ȔȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» ȌȍȔȖȕșȚȘȐȘțȍȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȦȡȍȍșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȈ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȗțȚȧȝ ȉțȌȍȚ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȞȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȊȣȏȖȊȈȔ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ4. «ǴȖȡȤ Ȓ ȒȘȖȔȒȍ» ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȚȐȗ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȍ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȍ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȕȖȊȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ țȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȊșȚȘȈȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȖȉȡțȦ ȈȘȝȐȚȍȒȚțȘț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ. ǺȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȐȔȍȕȕȖ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍ Ȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ, ȚȈȒ ȐȊȓȈșȚȕȖȋȖ șțȉȢȍȒȚȈ, ȘȍȋȓȈȔȍȕȚȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ, «ȔȖȡȤ ȒȒȘȖȔȒȍ» ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȍ Ȑ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ. ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȐ ȗȍȘȍșȔȖȚȘȈ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤȦ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȍȑȐȖȉȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȊȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕțȦȥȗȖȝț5.

1 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 5.

2 Alberts, David S., John Garstka, Richard E. Hayes, and David T. Signori. Understanding Information Age Warfare. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) Publication Series. 2001. 12 January 2011. http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_UIAW.pdf.

3 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 6.

4 Robertson, Bruce, and Valentin Sribar. The Adaptive Enterprise: IT Infrastructure Strategies to Manage Change and Enable Growth. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Press. 2001.

5 Alberts, Power to the Edge, p. 181.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

5. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ

ǷȘȍȎȌȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȐȚȤ Ȓ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȔț ȖȉȏȖȘț ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȐȚȤșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȌ ȌȈȕȕȣȔ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȖȔ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȋȖȚȖȊȣȍ ȘȍȞȍȗȚȣ Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖ ȗȖ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȦ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ. ǶȕȐ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȧ ȐșȚȖȘȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȗȍȘșȗȍȒȚȐȊȣ ț ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑȝ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȦȡȍȑ, Ȑ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤșȧ ȐȏȖȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖ1. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ ȒȊȐȕȚȥșșȍȕȞȐȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȕȍȟȚȖ ȉȖȓȤȠȍȍ, ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖșȚȖ ȚȍȖȘȐȧ, Ȑ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȦȚ ȘȖȓȤ ȔȖșȚȈ ȔȍȎȌț ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ Ȑ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍȔ. ǶȕȐ «ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȚ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȔ, ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ Ȑ ȚȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȝ»2 Ȑ, ȉțȌțȟȐ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ «ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȣ ȗȘȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖȔ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑșȒ»3.

ǺȖ ȍșȚȤ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȊȈȎȕȍȑȠȐȔ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ șȚȘȈȕȈ ȊȐȌȐȚ șȍȉȧ, șȔȖȚȘȐȚ ȕȈ ȔȐȘ Ȑ șȊȖȐȝ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧșȤ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȍ4. ǿȍȘȍȏ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȐșȚȍȉȓȐȠȔȍȕȚ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȗȘȧȔȖ ȐȓȐ ȒȖșȊȍȕȕȖ, ȊȓȐȧȦȚ ȕȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȒȘțȋ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȊ, ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȕȍ ȒȈșȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȉȖȍȊȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖ-ȗȘȖȔȣȠ- ȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒșȈ, ȏȈȒțȗȒȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȐȑ, șȐșȚȍȔț ȊȖȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ. Ǫ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȔ ȚȘțȌȍ «ǺȘȈȒȚȈȚ Ȗ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȍ» ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ «ȊȖȑȕȈ – ȥȚȖ ȊȍȓȐȒȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ Ȍȓȧ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ, ȥȚȖ ȗȖȟȊȈ ȎȐȏȕȐ Ȑ șȔȍȘȚȐ, ȥȚȖ ȗțȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȋȐȉȍȓȐ. ȅȚȖ ȕțȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ. ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋ ȍȍ ȖșȕȖȊț ȒȓȈȌțȚ ȗȧȚȤ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ (ȍȍ ȊȏȊȍȠȐȊȈȦȚ șȍȔȤȦ ȘȈșȟȍȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȥȚȐȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ)». ǷȧȚȤ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ șȍȔȤ ȘȈșȟȍȚȖȊ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȍȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ. ǹțȕȤǾȏȣ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌțȍȚ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Țȍȝ ȋȍȕȍȘȈȓȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șȓȍȌțȦȚ ȍȋȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, Ȑ ȊȍȘȐȓ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȧ Ȑ ȗȖȉȍȎȌȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȚȖ ȗȘȐȌȍȘȎȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȍȋȖ ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ5.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǴȈȒȐȈȊȍȓȓȐ. Ǫ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ Ȋ 1521ȋ. ȘȈȉȖȚȍ «ǰșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ» (Arte della Guerra) ǵȐȒȖȓȖ ǴȈȒȐȈȊȍȓȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȍ ȜțȕȌȈȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȕȍȐȏȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ,

1 Brodie, Bernard. Strategy in the Missile Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959, pp. 23-27. 12 January 2011. http://www.rand.org/pubs/commercial_books/2007/RAND_CB137-1.pdf.

2 Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States, p. B-1.

3 U.S. Department of the Air Force. “Air Force Basic Doctrine,” Air Force Doctrine Document 1 (AFDD 1), Washington, DC, September 1997, p. 12. 12 January 2011. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/usaf/afdd/afdd1.pdf.

4 Dickerson, Adaptability, pp. 190-195.

5 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 63.

173

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȚȤ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ ȚȘȈȒȚȈȚȈȝ Ȗ ȊȖȑȕȍ. Ƕȕ ȊȊȖȌȐȚ ȘȧȌ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȖȔȖȟȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȍȔț Ȋ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ1. ǴȕȖȋȐȍ Ȑȏ ȖȉȡȍȗȘȐȕȧȚȣȝ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȕȈȠȓȐ șȊȖȍ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȈȉȍȓȤȕȖșȚȐ: «ǵȍȚ ȕȐȟȍȋȖ ȊȈȎȕȍȍ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȟȍȔ ȏȕȈȚȤ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȤ ȉȓȈȋȖȗȘȐȧȚȕțȦ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȕȈ șȓțȟȈȍȚșȧ»2.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ǮȖȔȐȕȐ. ǸȧȌ ȐșȚȖȘȐȒȖȊ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ș ȐȔȍȕȍȔ ǨȕȚțȈȕȈ-ǨȕȘȐ ǮȖȔȐȕȐ (Antoine-Henri Jomini). ȀȊȍȑȞȈȘșȒȐȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒ 19 ȊȍȒȈ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȉȣȚȤ ȟȍȚȒȐȔȐ Ȑ ȕȍȌȊțșȔȣșȓȍȕȕȣȔȐ, Ȉ Ȑȝ ȒȖȓȐȟȍșȚȊȖ – ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȧȦȚ ȘȖȓȤ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȍȓȧ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȐȘȖȊ ȗȘȐ ȖȘȋȈȕȐȏȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ3. Ǫ 1807ȋ. ǮȖȔȐȕȐ ȖȗțȉȓȐȒȖȊȈȓ ȘȈȉȖȚț, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ Ȋ 10 ȗȈȘȈȋȘȈȜȈȝ ȌȈȍȚșȧ șȗȐșȖȒ «ȖȉȡȐȝ ȐșȚȐȕ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȕȖșȐȚ ȊȒȓȈȌ Ȋ țșȗȍȝ ȕȈ ȊȖȑȕȍ». ǬȎȖȕ ǨȓȋȍȘș (John Algers) țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ șȗȐșȖȒ ǮȖȔȐȕȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȚȖȚȐȗȖȔ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ4.

ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ. ǵȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȐ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ ș ȐȔȍȕȍȔ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ5, Ȋ ȚȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȒȈȒ ȌȘțȋȐȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ «Ȗȕ Ȋ ȖșȖȉȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȓ șȈȔȖ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ șȊȖȌȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȝ ȗȘȈȊȐȓ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȊșȦȌț Ȑ ȊȍȏȌȍ ȌȐȒȚțȦȚ ȊȣȉȖȘ ȖȌȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȌȘțȋȖȑ»6. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȗȖȌȋȖȚȖȊȐȓ ȔȍȔȖȘȈȕȌțȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȘțșșȒȖȋȖ ȒȘȖȕȗȘȐȕȞȈ, ȖȏȈȋȓȈȊȓȍȕȕȣȑ «ǵȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ» (The Most Important Principles for the Conduct of War) Ȑ ȕȈȟȐȕȈȦȡȐȑșȧ șȖ șȓȍȌțȦ-

ȡȍȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ: «ǬȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȍșȧ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȌȖȓȋȐȝ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȐșȚȖȘȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȉȣȓȐ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȏȈȗȐșȈȕȣ ȗȖșȗȍȠȕȖ Ȑ ȗȖȥȚȖȔț ȕȍ ȊȣȌȍȘȎȈȚ ȒȘȐȚȐȒȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȜȖȘȔȣ. DzȘȖȔȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȑȏ ȉȖȓȤȠȖȋȖ ȟȐșȓȈ ȚȍȔ ȉȣȓȐ ȏȈȚȘȖȕțȚȣ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȉȣȓȈ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȈ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȈȧ ȒȘȈȚȒȖșȚȤ. ǷȖȥȚȖȔț ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȗȖȓȕȣȔ ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ǪȈȠȍȔț DzȖȘȖȓȍȊșȒȖȔț ǪȣșȖȟȍșȚȊț, Ȉ ȗȖȉțȎȌȈȦȚ Ȑ șȓțȎȈȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȈȠȐȝ ȘȈȏȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȑ»7.

1 Algers, I. John. The Quest for Victory: The History of the Principles of War. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1982. 2 Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Art of War. Trans. Ellis Farneworth, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001, pp. 270-272. 3 Algers, The Quest for Victory, pp. 18-19.

4 Ibid, pp. 21-23.

5 Ibid, p. 28.

6 Brodie, Bernard. War and Politics, New York: Macmillan, 1973, p. 446.

7 Clausewitz, Carl von. Principles of War. Trans. Hans W. Gatzke, Harrisburg, PA: Military Service Publishing Company, 1942, p. 11.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǴȍȔȖȘȈȕȌțȔ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȓ șȗȐșȖȒ ȖȉȡȐȝ, ȕȈșȚțȗȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ Ȑ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ, Ȑ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șȖȉșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȕȍȔ Ȑ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȕȖȑ ȘȈȉȖȚȍ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ «Ƕ ȊȖȑȕȍ» ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǹȒȈȏȈȕȕȖȍ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȐȚȤ, șȘȈȊȕȐȊ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈ «ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ»

țDzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȌȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ Ǫǹ ǹȀǨ1.

ǪȒȕȐȋȍ «Ƕ ȊȖȑȕȍ» DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȌȈȍȚ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ: «ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ, ȕȖ ȕȍ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȜȖȘȔȈȓȤȕȖȔ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȣȔ ȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȐ; Ȗȕ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ Ȍțȝ Ȑ șȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ; Ȋ șȓțȟȈȧȝ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȘȈȏȕȖȖȉȘȈȏȐȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȊȚȐșȕțȚȖ Ȋ ȎȍșȚȒțȦ ȜȖȘȔț ȏȈȒȖȕȈ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȠȐȘȖȒțȦ șȊȖȉȖȌț șțȎȌȍȕȐȑ. ǹȓțȟȈȐ, Ȓ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȣ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȘȍȋțȓȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ șțȎȌȍȕȐȧȔȐ; ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗ, ȚȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖ șțȡȍșȚȊț ȖȗȖȘȖȑ, ȗțȚȍȊȖȌȕȖȑ ȏȊȍȏȌȖȑ Ȍȓȧ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ»2.

ǶșȕȖȊȕȣȍ Ȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ șȍȚȍȞȍȕȚȘȐȟȕȣȝ ȊȖȑȕ. ǺȍȖȘȐȧ ǹǾǪ șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȓȈ ȉȈȏȐșȕȣȍ Ȑ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȤ ȗȘȖȊȍȘȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ – ȔȈșșț, ȞȍȓȤ, ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ, ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ, ȥȒȖȕȖȔȐȦ șȐȓ, ȔȈȕȍȊȘ, ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȖ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȊȕȍȏȈȗȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȘȖșȚȖȚț3. ǵȖȊȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ, șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȘȈȉȖȟțȦ ȋȐȗȖȚȍȏț ǹǾǪ, ȕȍ ȒȖȕȒțȘȐȘțȦȚ ș ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȔȐ, ȕȖ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȦȚ Ȑȝ, ȗȖȔȖȋȈȧ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖȊȣȠȈȚȤșȧ ȉȖȍȊȈȧ ȔȖȡȤ «șȍȚȍȊȣȝ șȐȓ» (networked forces). Ǫ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǹǾǪ ȉȈȏȐșȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȦȚșȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȐȍ 3 ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ:

1.ǴȖȡȕȣȍ ȎȐȊțȟȐȍ (ȘȖȉȈșȚȕȣȍ) șȍȚȍȊȣȍ șȐȓȣ țȓțȟȠȈȦȚ ȖȉȔȍȕ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈ-

ȞȐȍȑ (A robustly networked force improves information sharing);

2.ǶȉȔȍȕ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȍȑ țȓțȟȠȈȍȚ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȖ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ Ȑ ȖȉȔȍȕ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕ-

ȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ (Information sharing enhances the quality of information and shared situational awareness);

3.ǶȉȔȍȕ șȐȚțȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ ȌȍȓȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ (șȖȊȔȍșȚȕȖȍ ȊȣȗȖȓȕȍȕȐȍ ȏȈȌȈȟȐ) Ȑ șȈȔȖșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȦ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȗȖȊȣȠȈȍȚ ȉȖȍȊțȦ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȤ Ȑ șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ (Shared situational awareness enables collaboration and self-synchronization, and enhances sustainability and speed of command);

1 ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȈ ǪǪǹ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ «ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȗȖȌȌȈȦȡȐȍșȧ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȕȈșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȞȍȕȐȚȤ ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ. ǷȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ <…> șȓțȎȈȚ ȉȈȏȐșȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȊȣȕȍșȍȕȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ. ǶȕȐ șȓțȎȈȚ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌșȚȊȖȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȓȈȕȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȖȉțȟȍȕȐȧ, ȖȞȍȕȒȐ Ȑ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ Ȑ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȈ» (Air Force Basic Doctrine, p. 12).

2 Clausewitz, On War, p. 151.

3 Cebrowski, Arthur K. Admiral. The Implementation of Network-Centric Warfare. Department of Defense, Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2005. 12 January 2011. <http://www.oft.osd.mil/library/library_files/ document_387_NCW_Book_LowRes.pdf>.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȅȚȖ, Ȋ șȊȖȦ ȖȟȍȘȍȌȤ, ȌȘȈȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐ ȗȖȊȣȠȈȍȚ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȔȐșșȐȐ1. ǸțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȔȐ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈȔȐ ǹǾǪ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ:

șȘȈȎȈȑșȧ ȗȍȘȊȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ (Fight First for Information Superiority);

ȖȉȔȍȕ ȖșȊȍȌȖȔȓȍȕȕȖșȚȤȦ (Shared Awareness);

șȒȖȘȖșȚȤ ȒȖȔȈȕȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȐȧ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȑ (Speed of Command and Decision Making);

șȈȔȖșȐȕȝȘȖȕȐȏȈȞȐȧ (Self-Synchronization);

ȘȈșșȘȍȌȖȚȖȟȍȕȕȣȍ ȊȖȑșȒȈ (Dispersed Forces);

ȌȍȔȈșșȐȜȐȒȈȞȐȧ (Demassification);

ȋȓțȉȖȒȐȑ șȍȕșȖȘȕȣȑ ȌȖșȚțȗ (Deep Sensor Reach);

ȐȏȔȍȕȧȑ ȕȈȟȈȓȤȕȣȍ țșȓȖȊȐȧ ȗȘȐ ȊȣșȖȒȖȑ ȟȈșȚȖȚȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ (Alter Initial Conditions at Higher Rates of Change).

șȎȐȔȈȑȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐȐțȘȖȊȕȐȊȖȑȕȣ(Compressed Operations and Levels of War)2.

ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ș ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍȔ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǹǾǪ ȘțȒȖȊȖȌȧȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȉțȌțȚ țȚȖȟȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȑ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȚȤșȧ ȕȖȊȣȔȐ, șȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ Ȋșȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȓȕțȦ ȒȈȘȚȐȕț ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ șȚȘȖȐȚȤșȧ, ȖȉțȟȈȚȤșȧ, ȚȘȍȕȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȑ ȖȗȍȘȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ șȍȚȍȊȣȍ șȐȓȣ. Ǫ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ ȋȓȈȊȍ, Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȘȈȏȊȍȘȕțȚȈȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ ǹǾǪ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȌȈȕȈ ȒȘȈȚȒȈȧ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐșȚȐȒȈ ȒȈȎȌȖȋȖ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȖȊ.

1 Ibid, p. 7. ǪȗȍȘȊȣȍ ȌȈȕȕȣȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȉȣȓȐ ȖȏȊțȟȍȕȣ Ȋ ȌȖȒȓȈȌȍ DzȖȕȋȘȍșșț ǹȀǨ. U.S. Department of Defense. Network Centric Warfare. Department of Defense Report to Congress, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 27 July 2001. Washington, DC, 2001. 12 January 2011. http://www.defenselink.mil/nii/ncw/ncw_main.pdf.

2 Ibid, pp. 8-10.

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II.ǪǶǭǵǵȃǭ ǨǹǷǭDzǺȃ ǹǺǸǨǺǭǫǰǰ

1.ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ

ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ ȗȐșȈȓ: «ǭșȓȐ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȍȋȖ (ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ) Ȑ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ șȍȉȧ, șȘȈȎȈȑșȧ ȝȖȚȤ șȚȖ ȘȈȏ, ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ ȕȍ ȉțȌȍȚ; ȍșȓȐ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ șȍȉȧ, Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ, ȖȌȐȕ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȠȤ, ȌȘțȋȖȑ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȚȍȘȗȐȠȤ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ; ȍșȓȐ ȕȍ ȏȕȈȍȠȤ ȕȐ șȍȉȧ, ȕȐ ȍȋȖ, ȒȈȎȌȣȑ ȘȈȏ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȠȤ șȘȈȎȈȚȤșȧ, ȉțȌȍȠȤ ȚȍȘȗȍȚȤ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ»1. ǿȚȖȉȣ țȏȕȈȚȤ șȍȉȧ, ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȖȉȧȏȈȕ ȏȕȈȚȤ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ ȒțȓȤȚțȘț șȊȖȍȋȖ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡțȦșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȔ Ȑ ȔȕȖȋȖȗȓȈȕȖȊȣȔ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ. ǶȕȈ ȊȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȋȍȖȋȘȈȜȐȦ, ȐșȚȖȘȐȦ, ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȐ, ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȈȚȚȍȘȕȣ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ, ȗȘȐȊȣȟȒȐ, ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȍțȌȈȟȐ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ, ȍȋȖ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȈȌȈȗȚȐȘȖȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȓ șȒȓȈȌȣȊȈȦȡȍȑșȧ ȖȉșȚȈȕȖȊȒȍ, ȘȍȠȈȚȤ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, șȗȘȈȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ș ȊȖȏȕȐȒȈȦȡȐȔȐ țȋȘȖȏȈȔȐ, ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȚȤ șȐȓț Ȑ ȗȘ.2 ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȊșȦ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ șȜȍȘț, ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȧȧ ȍȍ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȍ Ȑ ȌȈȊȈȧ ȖȚȊȍȚȣ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ, ȗȖȟȍȔț, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȕȈȘȖȌ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȊȍȌțȚ ȊȖȑȕț. ǶȕȈ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȖȘȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȍȑ Ȑ ȐȌȍȈȓȖȊ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ. DzȖȔȈȕȌțȦȡȐȑ, ȗȖȓțȟȐȊ ȗȘȐȒȈȏ, ȊȔȍșȚȍ șȖ șȊȖȐȔ ȠȚȈȉȖȔ ȗȘȐșȚțȗȈȍȚ Ȓ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȍ ȗȓȈȕȈ ȉțȌțȡȍȑ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȐ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȦȚ ȒȈȒ ȓȐȟȕȣȑ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȒȖȓȓȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȖȗȣȚ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓ, ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕțȦ ȊȣțȟȒț Ȑ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕț Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ3.

DzȈȒ țȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȓȖșȤ ȘȈȕȍȍ, ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȈȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȈȧ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȈ, ȊȒȓȦȟȈȧ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒțȦ, ȖȚȕȖșȐȚșȧ ș ȟțȊșȚȊȖȔ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌșȚȊȈ Ȓ ȌȘțȋȐȔ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȕȈ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȍȍ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔȐ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȊșȍȋȖ ȖșȚȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȐȘȈ. DzȈȒ ȏȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȖȌȐȕ Ȑȏ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȑ, «ȊȍȘȈ, ȟȚȖ ȌȘțȋȐȍ ȊȐȌȧȚ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ, ȗȘȐȘȖȌț șȐȓȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȍȍ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȈȕȋȓȖȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕșȒȐȍ ȓȐȕȏȣ, ȖȗȈșȕȈ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ǯȈȗȈȌȈ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ Ȍȓȧ ȈȔȍȘȐȒȈȕȞȍȊ Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ»4. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȖȝȊȈȚ Ȑ ȋȓțȉȐȕț ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ

1 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 84.

2 Gray, Colin S. “Defense Planning for the Mystery: Four Principles for Guidance in a Period of Nonlinear Change,” Airpower Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, Summer, 1991, p. 24. 12 January 2011. http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/ airchronicles/apj/2sum91.html.

Ǩ ȚȈȒȎȍ Booth, Ken. Strategy and Ethnocentrism. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979, p. 121.

3 Builder, Carl H. The Masks of War: American Military Styles in Strategy and Analysis, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989.

4 Bernstein, Alvin H. “The Strategy of a Warrior-State: Rome and the Wars against Carthage, 264-201 B.C.,” in Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein (eds.). The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 80-81.

177

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȎȍșȚȒȖ ȗȘȈȋȔȈȚȐȟȕȖȑ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕȖȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐȏțȟȈȍȚ ȘȈȏȊȖȘȈȟȐȊȈȦȡȐȍșȧ șȖȉȣȚȐȧ, ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȐȘțȍȚ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȍȘȖȧȚȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ șȐȚțȈȞȐȐ, ȖșȖȏȕȈȊȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ șȗȖȘȕȣȔ1.

Ǫ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒțȓȤȚțȘȣ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȐȌȍȑ, Ȑ ȗȍȘȍȌ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚȖȔ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ȔȐȘȖȊȈȧ șȖȒȘȖȊȐȡȕȐȞȈ ȐȌȍȑ, ȈȒȒțȔțȓȐȘțȦȡȈȧ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȕȐȑ ȖȗȣȚ ȗȘȍȌȣȌțȡȐȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȒȖȊ Ȑ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȒȖȊ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǰȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȥȓȐȚȈ ȕȈȘȖȌȈ, ȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘțȧ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȌȖȒȚȘȐȕȣ Ȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ, ȖȉȘȈȡȈȍȚșȧ Ȓ ȖȗȣȚț ȗȘȖȠȓȣȝ ȗȖȒȖȓȍȕȐȑ ȏȈ ȐȌȍȧȔȐ Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȐȘțȦȚșȧ Ȑ ȖȜȖȘȔȓȧȦȚșȧ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȥȗȖȝȐ Ȑ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ2. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȧȏȣȒȈ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ, ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȊȣșȖȒȐȔ ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖȔ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȕȈțȒȖȑ3.

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ Ȑ ȕȍ ȊȖȑȕȈ, Ȉ, șȒȖȘȍȍ, ȔȖșȚ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ. ǶȚȕȖșȧșȤ Ȓ ȊȣșȠȐȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖȠȐȉȒȐ Ȋ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȖȘȖȋȖ ȖȉȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȊȖȦȦȡȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȍ, Ȑ ȉțȌțȟȐ ȚȖȑ șȈȔȖȑ șȘȍȌȖȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ «șȠȐȚȤ» ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȖ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȋ ȍȌȐȕȖȍ ȞȍȓȖȍ, șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȐȋȘȈȍȚ ȒȓȦȟȍȊțȦ ȘȖȓȤ Ȋ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ. ǼȍȓȤȌȔȈȘȠȈȓ DzȍȑȚȍȓȤ ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȏȈȔȍȚȐȓ, ȟȚȖ ȍșȓȐ «ȖȠȐȉȒȐ Ȋ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȍ Ȑ ȕȈ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȐșȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȣ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȚȍȒțȡȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȖȠȐȉȒȐ Ȋ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ – ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȧ șȓȍȌțȦȡȍȑ»4. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȚȘțȌȕȈ Ȑ, ȉȍȏțșȓȖȊȕȖ, ȖȚȓȐȟȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȚ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȣțȟȒȐ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȚ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ. ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚ ȌȖȓȎȍȕ șȊȧȏȈȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕțȦ ȔȖȡȤ (șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚ) ș ȞȍȓȧȔȐ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ. ǶȚșțȚșȚȊȐȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȕȍȖȉȌțȔȈȕȕȣȔ Ȑ ȗȘȖȐȋȘȣȠȕȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ. ǹ ȌȘțȋȖȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ, ȕȍȓȤȏȧ ȊȗȈȌȈȚȤ Ȋ ȌȘțȋțȦ ȒȘȈȑȕȖșȚȤ, ȖȚȕȖșȧșȤ Ȓ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȧȔ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚȖȊ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȔ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȧȔ țșȗȍȝȈ. ǷȘȖȋȕȖȏȣ Ȑ ȘȍȒȖȔȍȕȌȈȞȐȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐșȚȈ ȔȖȋțȚ ȖȒȈȏȈȚȤșȧ ȖȠȐȉȖȟȕȣȔȐ, ȍșȓȐ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȉȓȍșȚȧȡȍ ȊȍȌțȚ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕțȦ ȊȖȑȕț ȐȓȐ, ȕȈȖȉȖȘȖȚ, ȗȓȖȝȖ ȊȍȌȍȚșȧ ȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȈȧ ȊȖȑȕȈ5. ǵȐȎȍ ȌȈȍȚșȧ ȒȘȈȚȒȐȑ ȖȉȏȖȘ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȝ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȒȓȈșșȐȟȍșȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȑ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝșȧ ȈȒȚțȈȓȤȕȣȔȐ Ȍȓȧ ǨȘȔȍȕȐȐ.

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ. DzȐȚȈȑșȒȐȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ ȕȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȒȈȒȖȋȖ-ȓȐȉȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȕȖ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȘȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȘȣ ȍȍ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ. Ƕȕ ȖșȚȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȐȊȍȘȎȍȕȞȍȔ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȉȍȏ ȗȘȧȔȖȋȖ șȚȖȓȒȕȖȊȍȕȐȧ ȈȘȔȐȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȉȖȘșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ șȚȖȘȖȕ: «…șȚȖ ȘȈȏ șȘȈȏȐȚȤșȧ Ȑ șȚȖ ȘȈȏ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ – ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȓțȟȠȍȍ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ; ȓțȟȠȍȍ Ȑȏ ȓțȟȠȍȋȖ – ȗȖȒȖȘȐȚȤ ȟțȎțȦ

1 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 1.

2 Ibid, p. 3.

3 Jablonsky, Why Is Strategy Difficult, p. 69.

4 Gray, Transformation and Strategy Surprise, p. 21. 5 Gray, Why Strategy Is Diffucult, pȘ. 83-84.

178

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȈȘȔȐȦ, ȕȍ șȘȈȎȈȧșȤ»1. ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȐȕȚȍȓȓȍȒȚțȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȘȍȌȚȍȟȍȑ ȠȒȖȓȣ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȚȈȘȈȍȚșȧ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȔȈȕȍȊȘ ȐȓȐ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȘȈșșȚȘȖȑșȚȊȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȟȚȖ ȉȣȓȖ ȕȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȕȖ Ȍȓȧ ȌȘȍȊȕȍȋȖ DzȐȚȈȧ. Ƕȕ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȏȈȡȐȡȈȍȚ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔȈ ȗȖ ȟȈșȚȧȔ șȐȓ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ: «ǷȖȥȚȖȔț, ȍșȓȐ ȧ ȗȖȒȈȎț ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ȒȈȒțȦ-ȓȐȉȖ ȜȖȘȔț, Ȉ șȈȔ ȥȚȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȣ ȕȍ ȉțȌț ȐȔȍȚȤ, ȧ șȖȝȘȈȕȦ ȞȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, Ȉ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȚșȧ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ. ǹȖȝȘȈȕȧȧ ȞȍȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȧ ȉțȌț șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȍȌȐȕȐȞț; ȘȈȏȌȍȓȐȊȠȐșȤ ȕȈ ȟȈșȚȐ, ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒ ȉțȌȍȚ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȚȤ ȌȍșȧȚȤ. ǺȖȋȌȈ ȧ șȊȖȐȔȐ ȌȍșȧȚȤȦ ȕȈȗȈȌț ȕȈ ȍȋȖ ȍȌȐȕȐȞț. ǵȈș ȚȖȋȌȈ ȉțȌȍȚ ȔȕȖȋȖ, Ȉ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ ȔȈȓȖ»2. ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ șȟȐȚȈȓ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȈ, ȧȊȓȧȧșȤ șȐȓȤȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, ȚȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȌȖșȚȐȋȕțȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȈ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȕȈșȚțȗȈȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. «ǵȍȗȖȉȍȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȍșȚȤ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȈ; ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȐȚȤ ȍșȚȤ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȍ. DzȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȧȦȚșȧ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȍșȚȤ Ȋ ȟȍȔ-ȚȖ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȖȒ; ȒȖȋȌȈ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȦȚ, ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, ȍșȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȐȏȉȣȚȒȍ. ǺȖȚ, ȒȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȧȍȚșȧ, ȗȘȧȟȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȋȓțȉȐȕȣ ȗȘȍȐșȗȖȌȕȍȑ; ȚȖȚ, ȒȚȖ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȕȈȗȈȌȈȍȚ, ȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ș ȊȣșȖȚȣ ȕȍȉȍș»3.

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕț. ǵȈȗȖȓȍȖȕ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȓ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȦ ȒȈȒ «ȐșȒțșșȚȊȖ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȈ»4, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȗȖȓȕȧȦȚșȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȔȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔȐ ș ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȚȘȐȍȌȐȕșȚȊȈ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ Ȑ șȜȍȘȖȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȐ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ țȎȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖșȓȍ ȕȈȗȖȓȍȖȕȖȊșȒȐȝ ȊȖȑȕ ȗȖȧȊȐȓȖșȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȊȖȏȘȖșȠȍȑ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȖȚȘȈȎȍȕȕȖȑ Ȋ ȗȘȍȌțȗȘȍȎȌȍȕȐȐ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ, ȟȚȖ «ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȚ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȊȖȗȘȖșȈ Ȗ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȖȞȍȕȒȍ ȊȍȓȐȒȐȝ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ Ȑ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȝ șȝȍȔ Ȑȝ ȘȍȠȍȕȐȧ»5.

ǹȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ șȖȋȓȈșȕȖ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞț. ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞț, «șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ ȍșȚȤ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȉȖȧ Ȍȓȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȖȕȈ ȌȖȓȎȕȈ ȗȖșȚȈȊȐȚȤ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧȔ Ȋ ȞȍȓȖȔ ȚȈȒțȦ ȞȍȓȤ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȖȊȈȓȈ ȉȣ șȔȣșȓț ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǶȕȈ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȗȓȈȕ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚ ș ȗȖșȚȈȊȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȔ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍȔ ȞȍȓȤȦ ȘȧȌ Țȍȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȣ ȗȘȐȊȍșȚȐ Ȓ ȍȍ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȦ; ȐȕȈȟȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȧ, ȖȕȈ ȕȈȔȍȟȈȍȚ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȣ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȑ Ȑ ȌȈȍȚ Ȋ ȕȐȝ țșȚȈȕȖȊȒț ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȔ ȉȖȧȔ»6. ǷȘȐȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȍȗȖȓȕȣȔ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȐșȚȖ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ Ȑ ȌȈȎȍ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǼȈȒȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȔȗȈȕȐȐ ȕȈ ȚȍȈȚȘȍ ȊȖȍȕ-

1 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, p. 77.

2 Ibid, p. 98.

3 Ibid, p. 85.

4 Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon, New York: Macmillan Company, 1966, p. 161. 5 Clausewitz, Two Letters on Strategy, p. 9.

6 Clausewitz, On War, p. 177.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȕȣȝ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȑ, ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȖȑȕȍ1. DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ Ȟȍȕȍȕ ȉȖȓȤȠȍ ȒȈȒ ȊȖȍȕȕȣȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȟȐȒ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȓȤȕȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ, ȖȚȊȍȟȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȈ ȊȖȗȘȖșȣ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, «ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ» ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȍȚșȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȈ Ȋ ȊȖȑȕȍ, Ȉ ȍȋȖ ȐȌȍȐ ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȚ ȖȉȡȐȑ țȘȖȊȍȕȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ 19 ȊȍȒȈ.

Ǫ ȖȚȓȐȟȐȍ ȖȚ ȚȖȋȖ Ȏȍ ǹțȕȤ-Ǿȏȣ, Ȋ șȊȖȍȑ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȊȖȑȕȣ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȊȣȉȐȘȈȍȚ ȕȍ «ȘȈȏȉȐȊȈȕȐȍ ȏȈȔȣșȓȖȊ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ», ȕȖ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ, Ȑ ȊȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȋȖ șȘȈȎȍȕȐȧ, ȖȚ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȐșȝȖȌ ȊȖȑȕȣ. «…ȥȕȍȘȋȐȧ, ș ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚșȧ ȗȍȘȊȖȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ, ȗȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊț Ȑ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȞȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ șȖșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȉȣ ȊȚȖȘȖȑ ȈȒȚ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ, ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȐȝ șȓțȟȈȧȝ ȌȈȎȍ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȊȈȎȕȣȑ, ȟȍȔ ȗȍȘȊȣȑ, Ȑ ȟȚȖ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȧ, ȗȘȐȉȓȐȎȈȧșȤ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ Ȓ ȚȈȒȚȐȒȍ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȗȘȐȕȧȚȤ Ȑȏ ȍȍ ȘțȒ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȍ ȌȍȓȖ, ȗȘȖȧȊȓȧȍȚ ȊȗȍȘȊȣȍ șȊȖȑ ȈȊȚȖȘȐȚȍȚ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȥȚȖȋȖ ȏȈȊȍȘȠȍȕȐȧ ȗȖȉȍȌȣ»2.

ǯȈȚȍȔ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȍȚ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȈȚȈȒȐ ȊȊȖȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȐȔ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȧ ȞȍȕȚȘȈ ȚȧȎȍșȚȐ (ȋȘȈȊȐȚȈȞȐȐ) ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ. «ǪȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȍ șȐȓȣ ȊșȧȒȖȑ ȊȖȦȦȡȍȑ șȚȖȘȖȕȣ – ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȓȐ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȈ ȐȓȐ Ȏȍ șȖȦȏȈ ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊ – ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȚ șȖȉȖȑ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȒȈȒ-ȚȖ ȊȔȍșȚȍ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ; ȚȈȔ Ȏȍ, ȋȌȍ ȍșȚȤ șȊȧȏȤ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȖȋȐȧ ș ȞȍȕȚȘȖȔ ȚȧȎȍșȚȐ. ǷȖȥȚȖȔț Ȋ ȥȚȐȝ ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȝ șȐȓȈȝ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȣȍ ȞȍȕȚȘȣ ȚȧȎȍșȚȐ, ȌȊȐȎȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈȗȘȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚȘȍȠȈȦȡȍȍ ȊȓȐȧȕȐȍȕȈȖșȚȈȓȤȕȣȝȗțȕȒȚȈȝ»3.

Ƕȕ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȍȊ ȕȈȟȈȓȈ ȊȖȑȕȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȊȣȊȖȌț, ȟȚȖ ȕȈȐȓțȟȠȐȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȈȗȈȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȞȍȕȚȘ ȚȧȎȍșȚȐ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȟȈȡȍ ȊșȍȋȖ șȖȊȗȈȌȈȍȚ ș ȊȖȖȘțȎȍȕȕȣȔȐ șȐȓȈȔȐ, Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȘȈȏȋȘȖȔ. ǬȈȓȍȍ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȏȈȝȊȈȚȐȚȤ șȚȖȓȐȞț șȚȘȈȕȣ Ȑ ȏȈȚȍȔ ȈȚȈȒȖȊȈȚȤ ȍȍ șȖȦȏȕȐȒȖȊ. ǬȘțȋȖȑ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ ȐȌȍȍȑ DzȓȈțȏȍȊȐȞȈ Ȑȏ ȖȉȓȈșȚȐ «ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ» ȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȑȕȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȒțȓȤȔȐȕȈȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ. «ǩȣȊȈȓȐ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȓȐ ȕȍȗȖșȘȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȖ Ȓ ȔȐȘț, ȖȌȕȈȒȖ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȝ ȔȍȕȤȠȍ ȊșȍȋȖ; ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȖ Ȑȝ ȌȖȊȖȌȐȓȖ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȌȖ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȔȖȔȍȕȚȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ șȐȓ ȒȈȒ ȘȈȏ ȝȊȈȚȈȓȖ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖȉȣ ȌȍȘȎȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȖȉȖȘȖȕȣ Ȑ ȊȣȎȐȌȈȚȤ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȍȕȐȧ ȔȐȘȈ. ǯȈ ȥȚȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȖȑ șȓȍȌțȍȚ țȎȍ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔ, ȘȍȈȒȞȐȧ. ǹȐȓȈ ȚȈȒȖȑ ȘȍȈȒȞȐȐ ȖȉȣȟȕȖ ȏȕȈȟȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȍȊȖșȝȖȌȐȚ șȐȓț ȗȘȍȌȠȍșȚȊȖȊȈȊȠȍȋȖ ȍȑ țȌȈȘȈ. ȅȚȖȚ ȗȍȘȍȓȖȔȕȣȑ ȔȖȔȍȕȚ Ȕȣ ȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔ ȒțȓȤȔȐȕȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȔ ȗțȕȒȚȖȔ ȕȈșȚțȗȓȍȕȐȧ»4.

1 Bartholomees, J. Boone Jr. “A Survey of the Theory of Strategy,” in Bartholomees, J. Boone Jr., (ed.) U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, 4th edition Revised and Expanded, Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), US Army War College, Vol. I, July 27, 2010, p. 13. 12 January 2011.

<http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?pubID=1004>.

2 Clausewitz, On War, p. 267.

3 Ibid, pp. 595-596.

4 Ibid, p. 528.

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