Variations of long-established models модификации уже давно существующих типов

at short notice скоро

ultra- ['лйгэ]приставка:сверх-

lightweight легковесный

roller ['roula] конек на роликах

flat belt conveyor ленточныйконвейер с плоской лентой

troughed [troft] belt conveyor бросковый ленточный конвейер

worm-type elevator винтовой элеватор

bucket elevator ковшевой элеватор

screw and worm conveyor elevator винтовойконвейер, элеватор

vibratory conveyor ['vaibratari] вибрационныйконвейер

gravel гравий

sand песок

sacked material мешковой груз

hydraulic [hai'dro:lik] ram гидравлический поршень

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a portable conveyor?

2. What is a mobile conveyor?

3. What do mobile conveyors and elevators include?

4. For what purposes are standard mobile conveyors and ele­vators used?

5. What types of conveyors do you know?

6. With what belts are medium machines for bulk materials handling fitted?

7. What belts are heavy machines fitted with?

8. What duties do medium machines for bulk materials per­form?

2. Analyse the following sentences:

   1. Any equipment which reduces the cost of load handling must be used in our ports.

   2. The conveying to ship's side is done by fork lift trucks.

2. What are the functions of the -ing forms in the following sentences? Translate the sentences into Russian:

   1. In this conveyor the top and bottom surfaces of the steel band are used for carrying the load. 2. Many other operations can be carried out whilst conveying. 3. A new book showing how new production methods can improve efficiency will be published next year. 4. The productive capacity of the existing personnel and ma­chines has been increased by 30 per cent. 5. That installation was put into operation at the beginning of last year and high average loading capacities of up to 500 tons/hr were reached. 6. This means that a 10,000-ton vessel can leave the port after only 20 hr. berth­ing time.

2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. The designers should study the influence of handling tech­niques upon ship design, 2. We said that we should use portable lifts to save space. 3. The handling of materials in a store or ware­house should be such that the maximum utilization of space be accomplished with minimum effort. 4. Economy should be ob­tained by the maximum utilization of equipment. 5. They said that they had overcome handling difficulties in warehouse building. 6. Materials should be handled by the cheapest method. 7. We should investigate some of the drawbacks of this equipment.

2. (a) Form adjectives from:

mobility, pneumatically, industry, difficulty, method, centre, use, dynamo, economy, magnet, advantage, wire, vibrator, reverse.

(b) Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

base, lose, adjust, move, agree, instruct, extend, differ, depend, refuse, explain, resist, act, create.

2. Translate the following sentences into English:

   1. Для погрузки и разгрузки судов, железнодорожных ваго­нов и автомобилей, а также для штабелирования грузов на скла­дах широко применяются разнообразные типы передвижных кон­вейеров. 2. Транспортеры — это машины, перемещающие груз по горизонтальному и наклонному направлениям. 3. Транспортеры не могут применяться для подъема груза. 4. Передвижные лен­точные транспортеры применяются главным образом для сыпу­чих грузов и обычно имеют длину от 5 до 20 м. 5. В настоящее время в портах еще широко применяются старые типы передвиж­ных ленточных транспортеров. 6. Наиболее распространенным типом является наклонный транспортер. 7. Для внутритрюмных работ в судах применяют специальные транспортеры в виде пе­реносных легких секций длиною 2—4 метра. 8. Устройства, в ко­торых перемещаемый материал движется под действием силы тя­жести, являются наиболее экономичными транспортными сред­ствами для опускания груза. 9. Ленточный транспортер впервые появился в XVIII в. 10. Стационарные и передвижные ленточные транспортеры были применены в промышленности в 1860 г. 11. На зерновых, угольных и рудных причалах широко применя­ются машины непрерывного транспорта, главным образом лен­точные транспортеры. 12. В портах конвейеры встречаются ред­ко. 13. Элеваторы для штучных грузов применяются на складах для перегрузки и подъема мешков, бочек, ящиков. 14. Ковше­вые элеваторы применяются для перегрузки и подъема насып­ных грузов. 15. Скребковые транспортеры применяются для пе­ремещения как сыпучих, так и штучных грузов на малые рас­стояния. 16. Машины непрерывного транспорта получили ин­тенсивное развитие в начале XX в. 17. Винтовые конвейеры слу­жат для перемещения насыпных грузов обычно на небольшие расстояния. 18. Для развития современной техники в области производства конвейеров характерна тенденция к созданию но­вых модификаций уже существующих типов.

Lesson sixteen

STANDARD PORTABLE, MOBILE AND TRANSPORTABLE

CONVEYORS

Large numbers of specially designed mobile, portable and transportable machines have been developed over the years.

The demand for some of these has been great enough to justify their production as additions to the range of standard models. For this reason the machines of this type consist of specially designed coal-handling conveyors; bulk materials conveyor-loaders; ship- loading conveyors; stack pilers; grain-handling conveyors; ma­chines which throw bulk materials on to stock piles or into ships' holds; conveyors designed to operate under extremely dirty air conditions; extra-large loading hopper-type bulk materials con­veyors; telescopic roller conveyors; gravity roller conveyors light enough to be carried in one hand; agricultural-type conveyors which may be altered at will to handle bulk materials, bales, car­tons, etc., heavy-duty industrial-type belt conveyors, which may be altered at will from troughed belt to flat belt machines; nume­rous special type worm conveyors and pneumatic conveyors.

Mobile conveyors are, wheeled machines. Non-fixed conveyors and elevators include: (a) bag and package stacking conveyors, (b) conveyors and stackers for bulk materials, and (c) throwers for bulk materials.

The stacking conveyor is a mobile inclined belt conveyor and is mounted on front wheels and rear castors and is driven by a 3/4 h. p. totally enclosed electric motor, through 30 ft. of trailing cable. Two models are available: one is 10 ft. long and has a lift which is variable between 4 ft. 6 in. and 6 ft., the other model Is 12 ft. long and has a lift of 5 ft. to 8 ft. In either case, the angle of elevation is varied by operation of a self-sustaining quick-screw lifting gear. A rubber-faced belt is employed. This enables bags and packages to be elevated up quite steep angles of inclination without damage.

This conveyor is useful for indoors duties and work out of doors, for warehouse stacking and for lorry loading and unloading. It can handle 1 cwt. or 2 cwt. bags as fast as they can be loaded.

STACKING MACHINES

These machines enable the whole of the headroom in a shed or warehouse floor to be utilized without the labour of stacking bales, sacks, or boxes to a considerable height by hand. An inclined band conveyor can be used for this purpose, provided the inclination is not too steep.

A continuous inclined stacking machine of the slat type stacks sacks. When stacking sacks, it is important to secure a "bond" by stacking the sacks alternately as headers and stretchers. If stacked in regular walls there is a risk of a wall of sacks corning down, which might easily cause a serious, even fatal, accident.

The machine occupies very little space, and when the package has been hoisted to the required height it is pulled off the platform into tier.

This machine can be used for breaking down the tiers, for re­moval of the goods, and then acts as a lowerer.

Sacks and similar light packages are lowered from the stacks by means of wooden shoots.

Stacking can also be done by means of electric runabout cranes.

MOBILE STACKERS

Mobile stackers for bulk materials such as coal and coke are very well known. Five types of machines are made. These are as follows: light tubular-construction bulk stackers; mobile horizontal conveyors; bulk stackers; bulk loaders; and special machines of various kinds.

A typical light tubular bulk stacker is easily handled by one man, and among the points of interest to be noted are the use of castor wheels at the feed end, the towing bar at the delivery end, and the very full stream of bulk material cargo being delivered. Light tubular stackers are of two types: fixed delivery height ma­chines, and variable delivery height machines. The latter have screw-operated self-sustaining variable height adjustment. The fixed-height machines can deliver at any level within the limits of a variable height machine.

THE BULK LOADER

The bulk loader is a form of a mobile bulk materials hopper combined with a short length of belt conveyor and terminating in a discharge chute suitable for delivery of bulk materials on to a belt conveyor or elevator. Operation is by diesel engine and discharge height adjustment is carried out by powered hydraulics.

The hopper capacity is sufficient to enable 4'/2-ton wagons to be tipped whilst the loader and its associated stacker are running at normal speed. Normal handling capacity is 120 tons/hr, using a 24-in. belt.

Higher load capacities may be obtained by speeding up the belt of the stacker or by providing a wider belt.

WORDS AND PHRASES

coal-handling conveyor конвейердляперегрузкиугля stack-piler штабелеукладчик hopper загрузочизяворонка, ковш SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

To be read after Lesson 2.

Ships have to visit ports very frequently, especially those in re­mote parts of the world, which are quite inadequately provided with quayside appliances. It has been found necessary to equip vessels with a certain amount of cargo handling equipment, which varies very considerably in extent. Most modern vessels are provided with installations of sufficient extent and capacity to enable them to dispense almost entirely with extraneous aid in loading and unload­ing operations. The fact that this equipment is available and can be used at far less cost than the charges for crane hire, causes it to be put into operation even at ports which are well provided with quayside appliances. Sometimes the equipment works unaided but not infrequently it uses the quay cranes as an auxiliary.

A ship's cargo handling equipment consists of masts, derrick booms, pulleys, blocks and winches. In addition, there may be cranes. The gear is arranged, naturally, at holds, or hatches, being combined in groups suitable to deal with each opening.

To be read after Lesson 5.

For speedy and efficient cargo handling the tubular steel pallet is now being used.

The pallet, fabricated from welded steel tube, combines great strength with lightness. When not in use, the pallets nest one inside the other, and a stack of 16 only equals the height of four ordinary timber pallets.

The pallets are designed for 4-way entry of fork lift trucks, and lifting by crane is also simplified; the special sling has two bars which engage with slots at each end of the pallet.

These are designed so that although the bars can be quickly disengaged when the pallet is in position, it cannot fall from the lifting gear if it meets an obstruction while it is being hoisted or lowered.

It can be quickly fitted for goods of irregular shape, vertical posts or side panels.

To be read after Lesson 7.

HYDRAULIC LUFFING GEAR ON DOCKSIDE CRANE

The new dockside crane uses hydraulics for the luffing gear. This is a great step forward in crane design, because the weight of the luffing gear is reduced to about a quarter.

Filtered oil from the reservoir is pressurized to the working circuit pressure of approximately 1000 lb/sq.in. by a series gear pump driven by an electric motor. Oil from the pump passes through a microfilter, which may be by-passed in the event of a blockade, to a multi-port directional valve. This is manually con­

trolled by the crane driver and is linked to a second directional valve mounted on top of it. Oil flow from the main directional valve passes through a pilot-operated non-return valve to the appropriate end of the luffing cylinder. Exhaust oil is returned to the valve via a second pilot-operated non-return valve. A flow limiting valve is included in the return line from the main directional valve to the reservoir. The pilot-ope­rated non-return valves are controlled by the second directional valve, and operate on a take-off pressure from the main circuit pressure relief valve, situated down-stream from the microliter. The valve is also designed to unload the pump when both directional valves are in the central position.

The operation of the luffing cylinder is of particular interest. The cylinder has four ope­rated ports. Non-return valves are included in the supplv line to Fig. H. The lifting cylinder on the dockside the outermost ports ^{crane is controlled Ь}У hydraulics

and these permit oil

flow only into the cylinder. The flow through the other two ports is controlled by two pilot-operated non-return valves. One of these is set to allow oil to flow into the cylinder, the other to allow oil to escape. To move the cylinder from its extreme position, oil is fed through the outer supply port until the piston passes the inner supply port.

As a safety measure the luffing cylinder has been designed to incorporate the associated non-return valves. This ensures that the mechanism is protected in the event of power or pipe failure.

To be read after Lesson 8.

3-TON LEVEL-LUFFING TRAVELLING QUAY CRANE

145

The gantry has four legs of box section which carry the neces­sary ballast inside. It was considered that four legs offer the best operating conditions, particularly in regard to stability and to wheel pressures on the quay. The legs are shaped to avoid the accumula-

10 А. В. Викторов, Л. В. Василенко

tion of water and dust so as to obviate untimely wear of the point and the steel.

Fig. 12.Two 3-ton level-luffing travelling quay cranes. In the right-hand picture one oi these cranes is shown with the jib luffed down to the quay for inspection

of maintenance

There are no low-placed horizontal connecting beams between the legs, so that railway trucks, lorries, fork trucks, trolleys, etc, can easily pass under the crane between the legs in all directions. Two of the four bodies are driven by self-contained, shock absorber fitted travelling mechanisms which can be easily dismounted for inspection or overhaul and remounted afterwards.

A new feature of the crane is that the jib can readily be luffed down to the quay. This makes it very easy to inspect sheaves, ropes and the wire rope-protection device over the top sheave, to see if the greasing needs attention and to reeve new wire ropes The ease of lowering to the ground tends to ensure that the jib gets more frequent inspections, and this should materially add to the life of the jib and its mechanical parts. To luff it down to the quay, the crane operator has only to release two bolts and push in the button of the by-pass switch of the luffing-limit device.

Riveted construction of the jib was decided upon so that should a deformation of a bar occur through some accident—and these

can happen with even the most experienced operators — it can be repaired on the spot with the minimum loss of time. When there are two cranes on one track the tail ends of the jibs cannot touch each other.

The hoisting mechanism is a self-contained completely enclosed unit fitted to the crane platform at three points.

It consists of an electric motor with built-in brake (which operates as soon as the current is closed) and flexible coupling. Space is saved by the reduction gears being fitted inside the hoist­ing drum. This simple unit is easily dismounted and taken to the workshop for overhaul. The gears run, of course, in an oilbath. The operator can read the weight of the load with an accuracy of some 98 per cent; this indicator is of the vibrometer type and also acts as overload safety device.

The slewing mechanism is also a self-contained unit of the vertical type, easy to inspect and dismount. Here also a shock- absorber is provided and here, too, there is a three-point attach­ment. The upper structure slews on and is carried by a ballrace with two layers of balls for taking up pressure and pull. No ballast is necessary in the slewing structure, thus saving weight and space.

The luffing mechanism is a self-contained, easily dismounted unit with three-point attachment to the tower. A shock-absorber prevents extreme shock loads and lessens wear, especially when starting and stopping.

The windows of the cabin provide a "cinerama" view of the quay and the ship, and the driver is seated in a well-designed chair with the controls at comfortable distance and height for his arms.

The upper structure (tower) of the crane is constructed of sheet steel in the shape of a box section. It contains the electric apparatus and the wiring, which need not be dismounted for transport. There is good ventilation through the funnel-type construction. The cranes can be supplied for a.c. or d.c.

To be read after Lesson 9.

INDUSTRIAL RADIO CONTROL APPLIED TO CRANES AND LIFTING GEAR

In the minds of most people the term "radio" covers the equip­ment for sending and receiving messages, signals, and, of course,, broadcasting. Only within recent years has radio equipment come to have a significant meaning as an aid to industry, and as a means to speed up production.

In mechanical handling equipment, the use of industrial radio control safeguards human material against many risks which must be faced in manufacturing processes today.

Industrial radio control falls into two headings:

(a) Speech transmission between a supervisor at a fixed trans-

10* 147 mitting station, and operators driving trucks, cranes or locomo­tives.

(b) Signal transmission between an operator equipped with a portable transmitter and an unattended crane, truck or trolley.

In order to determine the direction of hook travel, each carrier wave is modulated by one of two tone frequencies, between 100 and 1250 cycles, giving 6 tone frequencies in all.

The transmitter pack is designed to be worn comfortably by the crane operator at ground level. In order to achieve the maximum benefit of remote control he must be free to move about, to take up the best position for load control, and at times be able to walk outside the crane area and still have full control of the load being handled. He must be confident that if anything untoward happens he can stop the crane instantly, and that any failure of transmis­sion or unexpected electrical interference will also bring the crane to a standstill.

The radio receiving unit mounted on the crane needs an a.c. supply at standard mains voltage. Where a crane is driven from d.c. supply, either a rotary transformer must be fitted with an out­put of approximately 1.5 kva, or an additional pair of conductors will be needed to feed the crane from a.c. source.

The transmitter may be readily modified to deal with cranes having both main and auxiliary hoists, and controls for operating grabs or magnets can be added, if required.

The application of radio equipment to dockside and wharf cranes is under consideration, where the best stand for the operator is alongside the hatches on a ship being loaded or unloaded.

To be read after Lesson 13.

CEMENT HANDLING PLANT

For many years cement was delivered firstly in jute bags, which had to be returned and kept in repair, and later in non-returnable paper sacks, but it was not always easy to dispose of them. The bags, which contained 2 cwt. of cement, had to be handled from barge, stacked in the warehouse.

It had been realized that the delivery of cement in bulk would provide economies in prime cost and time and would give great advantages of cleanliness in the areas concerned.

Delivering of cement in tippling wagons is a dusty process, and dangerous to the operative's health. It was known that cement, when aerated, would flow almost like water; pumping equipment was also available which would flow it for long distances.

The unloading plant consists of a counterbalanced bucket elevator suspended from a frame structure so that its height can be regulated to suit the variations in tide and draught. This elevator discharges into a screw conveyor fixed at one end and arranged to move in conjunction with the movements of the bucket elevator of the other. Cement then passes through a second fixed screw con­veyor which delivers the cement to a surge hopper arranged over a cement pump. This pump, as well as the main control desk and the plant required for supplying barges with power and compressed air, is housed in a building adjacent to the unloader structure, and is arranged to discharge cement through a pipe-line made from asbestos-cement pressure pipes and electrically operated, remotely controlled valves to the machine silos. The control desk is arranged on the mimic diagram principle, so that the flow lines in use and the extent to which the silos are charged can be seen at a glance.

Fig. 13, Barge unloader at work. The part of the bulk cement handling plant

When required, the cement is automatically withdrawn from the base of the silos, conveyed to weighers and hatched into the process as required.

149

"3J• 'щиццн |»||мци mi и I .i тгадтиуо^.мшоячи

To be read after Lesson 14.

FLAT BELT CONVEYORS AND LOADERS

A typical lightweight vehicle-loading conveyor has a grip-face rubber belt and manual-hydraulic discharge height control. It is electrically driven and is available in a range of sizes and load capacities. Similar machines are also available with engine drives instead of electric motor drives and with fixed discharge heights or manually controlled adjustable discharge height mechanism.

Vehicle loaders of this type are ideal for the handling of bagged materials such as cement and flour, etc. Similar machines may have slat conveyors instead of flat belt conveyors. Sometimes doubt exists as to which type of machine is the most suitable for a specific unit load handling task. In such a case it may be as well to re­member that flat belt conveyors are particularly useful where there is any risk of damaging the sacks or packages handled, e.g. where paper sacks are in use. For more robust work, chain and slat con­veyors are generally employed.

To be read after Lesson 15.

Mobile conveyors include: (a) wheeled bag and package stack­ing conveyors, (b) conveyors and stackers for bulk materials, and (c) throwers for bulk materials.

The bag and package stacking conveyor is used for handling- bags. This machine is a mobile inclined belt conveyor. It is mount­ed on front wheels and rear castors and is driven by а³Д h.p. totally enclosed electric motor, through 30 ft. of trailing cable. The angle of elevation is varied by operation of a self-sustaining quick- screw lifting gear. A rubber-faced grip-face belt is employed. This enables bags and packages to be elevated up quite steep angles of inclination without damage.

This conveyor is useful for indoor duties and work out of doors, for warehouses stacking and for lorry loading and unloading. It can handle 1 cwt. or 2 cwt. bags as fast as they can be loaded.

The chain and rod variable height inclined package stacking conveyor is used in ports. This machine is electrically driven and is fitted with power-operated hydraulic elevated rams. It is shown at work, loaded with no fewer than eleven 280 lb. bags of sugar, and is 10 ft. long.

RUSSIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

(to Exercises)

автоматизация automation автоматический automatic автопогрузчик fork lift truck аккумуляторнаябатарея storage battery

барабан drum

безопасность safety

береговой кран quaycrane

блок biock, pulley

блоки грузовых талей cargoblocks

боковая разгрузка sidedischarge

брашпиль windlass

бревна logs; short length cordwood

бульдозер bulldozer

вагонетка truck, runabout весы weighing device вилка fork ворот pulley вращение slewing всасывание suction

вылет, вынос (стрелы и т. п.)outreachвыполнять toperform

высокопроизводительный highly efficient, highly productive

высота (борта) depth

вытеснять to force out, to thrust out

гакигрузовые cargo hooks гибкийшланг flexible pipe гидравлическийпривод hydraulic drive гравитационныйспуск gravity lowerer грейфер grab

громоздкий cumbersome ['kAmbssam] грузоваяпетля sling, loop грузовик lorry, truck

грузовоеустройство cargo arrangement, cargo gear, cargo-handling equip­ment

грузоподъемныемашины mechanical handling equipment гусеничныйтрактор crawler tractor

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