I. Answer the following questions:

1. When is the swinging derrick employed?

2. How does the runner raise and lower the set?

3. What is union purchase?

4. How is the horizontal movement of the load and the return of the empty hook brought?

5. For what cargoes is the swinging derrick method used?

6. What is a combination of ship's gear and quay cranes used for?

7. What is the drawback of the method of combining ship's gear and quay cranes?

8. What types of deck crane do you know?

9. Why are deck cranes more common now?

10. Has each motion in deck cranes a separate electric motor?

11. How can these motors be removed?

12. What does the control gear comprise?

II Analyse the following sentences:

1. The motors can be removed as units, while the removal of one of two covers enables all the mechanical equipment to be readily inspected.

2. Two of forward hatches are served by winches.

3. (a) Form nouns from the following words and translate them into Russian:

transform, apply, perform, grip, hook, improve, equip, weld, facilitate, versatile.

(b) Form adjectives from the following words and translate them into Russian:

effect, efficiency, versatility, particularly, responsibility, in­dustry, accessibility, ease.

3. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. На небольших судах часто используется поворотная стрела. 2. В будущем году этот завод начнет выпускать палубные краны новой конструкции. 3. Совершенствование и разработка новых подъемных механизмов повысит их производительность. 4. Ле­бедки с механическим приводом применяются для подъема судо­вых стрел. 5. Подъемный механизм состоит из лебедки и полис­паста. 6. Иногда при перегрузочных работах совмещается работа судовых механизмов и береговых кранов. 7. Палубные краны ра­ботают независимо от судовых стрел и талей. 8. Имеется два типа палубных кранов. 9. Через месяц наш завод начнет выпускать новые типы электрических палубных кранов. 10. Палубные подъ­емные краны монтируются на палубе корабля и предназначаются как для нормальных грузовых операций, так и для специальных работ. Они выполняются в виде смонтированных на колонне кранов или в виде грузовых стрел. 11. Чтобы обеспечить безопас­ность обработки грузов спаренными стрелами, необходимо каж­дое судно снабдить инструкциями. 12. Стрелы и их такелаж сле­дует содержать в надлежащем состоянии.

Lesson five

CARGO HANDLING GEAR

SLING

The sling, sometimes known as the "strop," is the commonest form of cargo handling gear. The sling is used in a narrow loop in the hold or on the quay for stacking the cargo. The long end of the sling is passed through the short end and looped on to the cargo hook. When the hook takes the weight, the sling automatically tightens and binds the set. In order to ensure that the bight of the sling will not slip after the set is taken, the smaller end should be beaten with a piece of timber. Slings may be made with cordage of SWR.

The effective length of the sling should be about 5.5 m. to 7 m. joined at the ends by a short splice. The size of the sling depends upon the cargo to be worked. Slings are valuable for handling bag cargoes, but should not be used on packages which are easily crushed or torn or whose contents could be easily damaged by bruising.

CARGO NETS

A cargo net is a rope net with 6 in. to 8 in. mesh made of 2-in. cordage, framed with a stouter rope. The net is made with an eye at each corner. It is used by laying it out and loading the cargo on to it. It is lifted by a set of fours. (Sometimes the set of fours is dispensed with and the eyes of the net are placed straight on to the cargo hook of the derrick or crane).

Cargo nets are suitable only for cargo which can withstand the pressure of the net when the weight is taken, e.g. mail bags or strong small cases with no sharp cutting edges. They should never be used for passengers' baggage.

CIRCULAR NET BOARDS

To widen the scope of the cargo net so that it may be used for cargo which would otherwise be crushed in the net, a circular board about 2 or 2.5 m. in diameter and known as the circular net board has been introduced. It is used by laying it in the centre of the net, stacking the cargo on to it and then lifting the corners of the net.

CARGO TRAY (SCALE BOARD)

The cargo tray is made of wood usually strengthened by metal and measures about 1.5 to 2 sq.m. To prevent cargo from slipping off the tray as it swings it has raised edges. It is fitted at each corner with an eye. Sometimes these eyes are fixed separately but often they are formed by turning up the metal bands which run diagonally across the underneath side of the tray for strengthen­ing purposes.

The cargo tray is an extremely important piece of cargo handl­ing gear and should be used for any small packages whenever there is a danger of any other form of gear crushing or "nipping" the cargo.

Because the fours, when attached to the tray and the cargo hook, form a pyramid, it is possible that they themselves may nip or crush the top packages of the set. This danger may be overcome bv: (a) limiting the height to which the set may be stuck on the tray which has the effect of slowing down the rate of working by reducing the average weight of each set, or (b) placing wooden or metal bars between the legs of the fours.

THE PALLET

The pallet is a form of cargo tray constructed from wood. It is made square or rectangular and may be likened to a grating with э top consisting of a number of boards, usually about five, joined by three cross-members to three other boards laid parallel with the top boards, which form the bottom of the pallet. Unlike the cargo tray it has no eyes at its corners nor has it raised edges. Usual sizes are about 2 m. by 1.5 or about 1.5 to 2 sq. m. It is hoisted into or from the ship's hold by means of fours joined at the free ends in pairs by two stretchers. Before hoisting, the stretchers are passed between the top and bottom of the pallet at each end. As soon as the pallet and its load are lifted, the pressure of the stretchers on the cross-members automatically holds it in position.

The pallet may be used in the same manner as an ordinary cargo tray. It is designed, however, to be transported by the fork lift truck. When it is in position it lifts or lowers the set to the re­quired level for travelling, as has already been explained.

This combination of pallet and fork lift truck is highly successful for handling cargo of homogeneous nature. By reducing double handling to an absolute minimum it: —

1. increases the rate of clearance from quay side or transit shed,

2. acts as an aid to labour and

3. reduces the possibility of damage to cargo.

It also permits of uniform sets being piled four or five high in the transit shed or on the quay without additional handling. In reverse, cargo piled in this way may be unpiled and delivered to land conveyance. In this sense the pallet may be regarded as self- stacking, for apart from the truck driver no additional man-power is required for piling or unpiling.

There is an increasing use of containers, pallets and pre-sling- ing in the ports. This system improves the turn-round of vessels.

SAVE ALL NET

For discharging or loading valuable cargoes, cordage nets are sometimes slung and made fast between ship and shore to prevent packages falling on to the quay or into dock water in the event of gear breaking or cargo slipping out of a set. It must be remember­ed that owing to the normal shape of a ship's hull there is always a gap between ship and shore at the fore and after ends of the ship.

WORDS AND PHRASES

Sling - строп

loop [lu:p] петля

to stack укладыватьвштабеля

to tighten [taitn] затягивать(ся)

to bind (bound,bound) связывать

bightпетля (троса)

toensure [m'Jua] обеспечивать, гарантировать

toslipсоскальзывать

cordage ['ko:dul3] канат

SWR( =steelwirerope) стальной трос

spliceсплесень

bagcargoмешковой груз

to crush раздавливать

to bruise [bru:z] ушибать

cargo net грузоваясеть

net with 6 in. to 8 in. mesh made of 2-in. cordage сетьсразмеромотверстий 6 на 8 дюймов, изготовленнаяиздвухдюймовогоканата

stoutjstaut] толстый, прочный

framedwithastouterгоре обвязанная более толстым канатом

eyeушко, кольцо

tolayoutраскладывать

set of fours наборизчетырехгачков

to dispense [dis'pens] with обводитьсябез (ч.-л.)

sometimes the set of fours is dispensed with иногдаобходятсяи

без гачков

to withstand выдерживать

mail bag мешок с почтой

cutting edges острые края

circular net board круглая грузовая площадка с сетью

cargo tray грузовой лоток

to swing (swung) качать(ся), поворачивать(ся)

raised edge - зд.борт

band обод, обруч

diagonally [dai'aeg^nali] диагонально

for strengthening purposes усиливать для увеличения жесткости

to nip (nipped, nipt) прищемлять

which has the effect of slowing down the rate of working - которые снижают производительность

palletу - ниверсальная площадка (поддон)

rectangular - прямоугольный

to liken (to)сравнивать (с)

grating - решетка

cross-memberпоперечнаясвязь, поперечныйбрус

unlike the cargo tray it has no eyes at its corners nor has it raised edgesв отличие от грузового лотка она (универсальная площаока)не имеет ни проушин, ни бортов

stretcher - распорка