I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the most important means of cargo handling in load­ing and discharging ships?

2. Why is ship's gear so important?

3. What does ship's gear for cargo handling purposes consist of?

4. Where are masts usually situated?

5. Are there any vessels fitted with deck cranes instead of der­ricks'

6. What is the purpose of the masts or Samson posts for cargo

handling;?

7. What are the masts themselves supported by?

8. How do the stays and shrouds run?

9. What do the stays and shrouds form?

10. What is a hold?

11. What is a hatch?

12. How many masts are there in an ordinary 5-liatch cargo ship'

13. Where are Samson posts usually situated?

14. How are ships' holds numbered?

15. What do we call the lower and outer ends of the derrick?

16. What is the average capacity of a derrick?

17. What kinds of ships are equipped with separate heavy lift­ing derricks'

18. How are winches operated?

11 Analyze the following sentences:

1. This difficulty is overcome by using Samson posts, which, since they are situated near the corner of the hatches instead of the centers, permit shorter derricks to be used.

2. The new machine is known to be very efficient.

III. What are the functions of the -ing forms in these sentences? Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. 6^;

   Care must be taken i,n using this gear. 2. To minimize the possibility of the set slipping when in the air, a piece of timber should be inserted between the set and the chain. 3. By employing this system they overcame many difficulties. 4. Any equipment reducing the cost of load handling must be used in our ports. 5. The new method increased the handling rate and reduced damages.

IV. Translate these sentences into English:

1. Почти все современные суда оснащены судовыми перегру­зочными механизмами. 2. Грузовая стрела — это грузоподъемное устройство, которое состоит из стальной или деревянной балки, прикрепленной к мачте. 3. Скорость подъема груза палубными кранами небольшой грузоподъемности равна примерно 1— 1,5 м/сек. 4. Деррики обычно крепятся к мачте. 5. В наших пор­тах можно встретить суда из разных стран. 6. Грузчики будут по­давать груз из трюма № 3 на берег лебедками. 7. Какова грузо­подъемность вашей тяжеловесной стрелы? 8- Лебедка — это ма­шина для подъема и перемещения грузов. 9. Лебедка состоит из барабана или шкива для грузового каната, механизма привода, тормозного устройства и опорной станины. 10. Лебедка исполь­зуется как самостоятельно работающая машина и как основная часть кранов-подъемников. 11. Лебедки бывают с приводом от электродвигателей, двигателей внутреннего сгорания, реже от паровых и пневматических. 12. На судах широко применяются электрические лебедки. 13. Грузовые лебедки размещаются у грузовых люков. 14. Скорость подъема груза новой лебедкой зна­чительно выше. 15. На мачтах нового судна будут смонтированы пятитонные судовые стрелы — по две на каждый трюм. 16. Завод начал серийный выпуск пневматических лебедок, которые ис­пользуются в любых условиях. 17. Лебедки могут обеспечивать одновременный подъем и открывание грейфера.

Lesson three

BLOCKS

A block is a form of pulley through which a rope or ropes may be threaded or "reeved." It consists of a shell, the two sides of which are called cheeks. Inside the shell is a grooved wheel or wheels called sheaves over which the ropes or runners travel. The sheaves rotate round a pin fixed to the cheeks of the shell. They are made of hard wood for fibre ropes and of steel or some metal with similar properties for wire ropes.

Blocks may be described according to the functions they per­form as will be explained, e. g. heel blocks, snatch blocks and lead blocks, or to the number of sheaves with which they are fitted, e. g. single blocks (one sheave), double blocks (two sheaves), six-fold blocks (six sheaves). Blocks with more than one sheave are des­cribed as multiple sheave blocks.

The purpose of multiple sheave blocks is to permit of an increase in lifting capacity without using a runner of greater circumference,

Any weight to be lifted must, of course, be within the safe working load prescribed for the winches and the derricks. Although a runner rove through a single block can be led direct to a cargo hook, this cannot be done with a runner rove through a multiple block. Accor­dingly cargo hooks fitted to blocks are provided for this purpose. Broadly speaking, lifting power increases in direct proportion to the number of sheaves employed, thus by using two single blocks instead of one, lifting power is doubled, if two 3-fold blocks were used the lifting power would be increased six times. This rough method of calculating the increase in lifting power does not take into account (1) the slight loss of power, due to the friction intro­duced by each sheave, nor (2) the additional increase in power produced when the upper block is the moving one. "A purchase of tackle" is the name applied to a combination of blocks or ropes when they are arranged for lifting.

RUNNERS

"Runners" or "falls" is the name given to the ropes with which masts and derricks are rigged for cargo handling purposes. For most purposes steel wire rope is used, although the certain types of rigs, fibre ropes (cordage) made of such substances as manilla, hemp or coir are necessary. The ship's gear is said to be rigged when it has been prepared for cargo handling, e. g., a derrick may be rigged for general cargo purposes by leading a runner through a block at the top of the derrick through another block at the heel of the derrick known as the heel block or leading block, and on to the drum of the winch, to which it is fastened. The free end is fitted with a cargo hook. It can readily be understood that when the drum of the winch rotates in one direction the runner is wound round it, thus lifting the hook and the load (set) attached to it. When it rotates in the reverse direction it lowers the load. The drum ends can be made to rotate at the same time, and can thus be used for paying out or hauling in falls when certain rigs requiring the use of fibre ropes are being employed.

PREVENTERS AND RIGS

Preventers are ropes which are led from the derrick heads and made fast to the deck or bulwarks of the ship for the purpose of pro­viding additional stiffening when cargo is being worked.

Ships' gear can be rigged in a variety of ways to handle cargo according to the nature of the cargo.

UNION PURCHASE

The most common method used on vessels fitted with two der­ricks to each mast per hatch, is the union purchase. It is the method when both derricks are used. One derrick is rigged and fixed so that it is positioned with its head immediately over the ship's side, the loose ends of the two falls are joined to one hook or shackle, thus making one lifting unit or "purchase," by which mechanical advantage is gained, lhe fall on each derrick is operated by one winch manned by a winch driver. As the derricks remain stationary when the set is being loaded or discharged both the vertical and horizontal movements of the cargo are brought about by the winch drivers paying out or winding in the runner (according to whether they are lifting or lowering the cargo). It is obvious that the successful operation of union purchase depends on sound co-opera­tion between the winch drivers and the hatchway-man.

When the above-mentioned method is employed, only one pur­chase may be used for each pair of derricks. It is possible to rig two union purchases from two derricks. Consequently, this method of working necessitates the employment of three men on each winch, one driving the winch, one winding in or paying out by hand on one drum end, and the other doing the same on the other drum end (the winch drum is not used). It is obvious that since the handling of the rope has to be done by hand, wire would be unsuitable for this type of rig and accordingly cordage must be used, although in practice wire is almost invariably used because of its greater strength in relation to its circumference. This method of working is popular where homogeneous and comparatively easily-handled cargo, e. g. bales of cotton, is being worked from a hold large enough to permit two gangs at a time to work.

It should be noted that in this rig and union purchase as both the derricks are fixed, the plumb 01 the derrick in the hold, or on the pitch to which the purchase is working, cannot be varied with­out topping (raising the derrick head) or lowering one or both derricks, which of course means stopping the work.

WORDS AND PHRASES

Block блок, полиспаст

pulley шкив

to thread [6red] = reeve (rove, reeved) пропускать канат или трос через шкив (блок) –

shell –корпус

cheek щека

grooved wheel колесо с ручьями

sheave [Ji:v] шкив

over which the ropes or runners travel через которые проходят ка­наты или тросы

the sheaves rotate round a pin fixed to the cheeks of the shell

шкивы вращаются вокруг фиксированной оси в нащечинах

fibre ['faiba]rope - sканаты из растительного волокна

wire горе трос

heel-block - направляющий блок, концевой блок

snatch block канифас-блок

lead block ведущийблок

with which they are fitted 3u.которымионикомплектуются

single block одношкивныйблок

double block двушкивныйблок

six-fold block шестишкивныйблок

multiple sheave block многошкивныйблок

cargo hook грузовойкрюк (гак)

friction трение

manilla – манильская пенька

hemp - пенька

coir ['koi a] – кокосовые волокна

the ship's gear is said to be rigged говорят, что перегрузоч­ные механизмы оснащены

to fasten крепить, прикреплять

bulwarks f'bulwaks] мн. ч.фальшборт

stiffening ['stifmr)] жесткое крепление

shackle скоба

lifting unit тяжеловес

to manзд.управлять

to bring about осуществлять, вызывать

to wind [waind] in наматывать

homogeneous [yhoma'dsimi^s] однородный

bale кипа

L Answer the following questions:

1. What is a block?

2. What does a block consist of?

3. How is the pin fixed?

4. How does the sheave rotate?

5. What are sheaves made of?

6. What types of blocks do you know?

7. What is the purpose of multiple sheave blocks?

8. Does the calculation take into account the slight loss of power?

9. How is the combination of blocks or ropes named?

10. What are runners?

11. What are the advantages of steel wire ropes?

12. What end of a runner is fitted with a cargo hook?

13. What ropes are called preventers?

14 What is the most common method of handling used on ves­sels fitted with two derricks?

15. What does the successful operation of union purchase de­pend on?

2. Analyze the following sentences:

   1. Cargo handling gear may be described as the apparatus re­quired by ship or shore workers for preparing cargo sets for lift­ing by means of ship's gear or cranes.

   2. As a rule, two winches are required for the combined opera­tion of lifting and slewing.

2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

   1. When a ship is to be loaded or unloaded the technological council draws up a definite schedule. 2. A technological chart shows what each team has to do every hour of its shift, what cargoes have to be handled, from what warehouses they are to come, and what mechanical appliances are to be used. 4. We are to finish with the repairs in a month at the most.

2. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Блок — это простой механизм в форме колеса с желобом, через который продевается канат. 2. Блоки с неподвижной осью называются направляющими. Они служат для изменения направ­ления каната. 3. Блоки с подвижной осью применяются для вы­игрыша в силе. 4. Применение электропривода создало многочис­ленные конструкции электроблоков. 5. Такелажный блок приме­няется на судах при подъеме тяжестей и для тяги снастей. Он со­стоит из деревянных или металлических щек с вращающимся ,между ними на оси желобчатым колесом, на который ложится трос. 6. Блоки для канатов бывают стальными или чугунными. 7. Полиспаст — это система блоков, огибаемых канатом. 8. Поли­спасты бывают сдвоенными. 9. Полиспасты часто используются в сочетании с лебедками. 10. Канатные барабаны большей частью отливаются из чугуна. 11. Блоки подразделяются на концевые, канифас-блоки и ведущие блоки. 12. По количеству шкивов бло­ки подразделяются на одношкивные и многошкивные. 15. Систе­ма погрузки и выгрузки двумя стрелами, приспособленными для спаренной работы, является наиболее распространенной на су­дах, оснащенных двумя стрелами на каждый люк.

Lesson four

SWINGING DERRICK

On ships with single derrick only on each mast per hatch, as is often the case with small vessels, the ordinary union purchase rig is not possible and the swinging derrick method is employed. This rig is also used on ordinary cargo vessels with two derricks per mast per hatch when a fast working light cargo is being loaded or discharged, when extra outreach is required, when it is necessary to work to both overside and ashore and quay cranes are not available, when one winch or derrick breaks down.

The swinging derrick requires only one derrick for each hook. For most purposes, only one winch is used. This is required for the vertical movements of the cargo which by handling in and paying out the runner raises and lowers the set. Unlike the union purchase method the derrick in this case swings on its heel from over the hatch. The swinging of the derrick and in consequence the hori­zontal movement of the load and the return of the empty hook is brought by swinging the derrick over by power in which case two winches will be required. This method is used for loading cotton and similar cargoes.

COMBINATION OF SHIP'S GEAR AND QUAY CRANES

Sometimes a combination of ship's gear and quay cranes is used so that the ship's gear hoists the cargo from hold to deck where it is picked up by quay cranes and placed ashore. The operation acts in reverse when ships are loading. This method is considered to be quicker, i. e. productive of more tons per hold per hour, than by using either ship's gear or quay cranes, particularly where su­perstructures or rigging would prevent a union purchase or a swinging derrick from functioning efficiently and quay cranes are of the fixed jib variety.

One obvious drawback is that it requires, in the case of a union rig for example, one crane driver or two winch drivers. Where there are clear pathways for the sets and the hatches are too small, it is usual to work alternate sets by crane and union purchase when both cranes and ship's gear are used.

DECK CRANES

Deck cranes reached high stage of development. For certain types of ship and on certain services, the deck crane is recom­mended in comparison with the normal type of winch, notably that it operates independently of the ship's derricks and tackles. Atten­tion must therefore be directed to a new range of electric deck cranes in the design of which particular attention has been paid to simplicity and accessibility. Two types are available. One having a fixed radius but arranged so that the jib can be lowered for stow­ing, and the other having a luffing motion where the radius of operation is large. The sizes range from l'/г to 5, tons, all of them have a maximum radius of 30 ft., the maximum lifting speed being 100 ft. per min. with the slewing speed of 2 revs, per min., the light hook speed being 2'/г times full load speed. By employing a tubular centre post it is claimed that weight is saved and the shipbuilders' installation problems are eased, the usual arrange­ment being to mount the centre post between the upper and the lower deck. The crane structure and the jib are of fabricated con­struction. Each motion has a separate electric motor operated at either 110 or 220 volts d. c. The motors can be removed as units, while the removal of one of two covers enables all the mechanical equipment to be readily inspected. The control gear comprises con­tactor equipment with small master switches operated by levers and the lubrication points are grouped to facilitate efficient main­tenance.

WORDS AND PHRASES

swinging derrick поворотнаяиливращающаясястрела

as is often the case with small vessels как это часто имеет мес­то на небольших судах

extra outreach увеличенный вылет

overside [/uv 'said] (грузящийся)через борт

ashore на берег

to break down сломаться, выйти из строя

unlike the union purchase method в отличие от устройства из

двух стрел, приспособленных для спаренной работы

set - комплект, установка

alternate [ol't?:nitj - чередующийся

tackleполиспаст

accessibility - доступность, легкость осмотра или ремонта

tubular ('tjubjula] трубчатый, цилиндрический

to facitate облегчать

fabricated готовый

d.c. ( =directcurrent) постоянный ток

contactor контактор

masterswitch главный переключатель

lubrication [Jutbri'keiJ'n] смазка

maintenance - эксплуатация