- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •11 Analyze the following sentences:
- •III. What are the functions of the -ing forms in these sentences? Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •IV. Translate these sentences into English:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II Analyse the following sentences:
- •It is designed ... To be transported – она сконструирована
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •Involve [in'volv] повлечь за собой
- •Impetus ['impitas] толчок
- •IV. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •150-Ton floating crane
- •In the weighing direction в направлении взвешивающего элемента
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •Velocity скорость
- •Indeterminate неопределенный
- •Inch дюйм
- •Exercises
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •In the course of time со временем
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Analyse the following sentences:
- •Exercises
- •Is sinking vertically погружается вертикально
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Variations of long-established models модификации уже давно существующих типов
- •I. Answer the following questions:
In the course of time со временем
elevated J'eliveitidJ platform приподнятая платформа
low-lying platform низкая платформа
to interfere with мешать
revolving part вращающаяся часть
slim column тонкая колонна
centre of gravity центр тяжести
to react воздействовать
appropriate подходящий
stanchion опора, подпорка
so that they suffer no damage так что они не испытывают повреждений
diversity [dai'vs:siti] разнообразие
overhead electric travelling crane потолочный электрокран
telpher тельфер
furnace charge кран для загрузки шихты swarfмелкие железные опилки pigiron ['aian]чугун в болванках ingotчушка, болванка
rolledsectionsпрокатные балки, прокатные бруски coilБИТОК
compressed scrap сжатыйскрап
to break up разламывать, разбивать
crackerкрекер (дробилка)
contactor panel контактнаяпанель
resistor сопротивление
bridge platform мостовая платформа
to de-rate вычислять еще раз
d. с. ( = direct current) постоянный ток
а. с. (=alternating current) переменный ток
rectifier выпрямитель (тока)
circular magnet круглый магнит
to couple зд. сочетать
adaptability пригодность, применимость
to render делать
to generate производить
penetration проникновениеst
amping штампованнаядеталь
spreaderbeam шредер
contactor gear электромеханический выключатель
masterswitch главный выключатель
magnetic contactor panel электромагнитная контактная панель
EXERCISES
I. Answer the following questions:
What standard types of deck level luffing cranes do you know?
Why was preference given at the beginning to the cranes with elevated platform?
What are the advantages of the cranes with elevated platform?
What are the disadvantages of the crane with elevated platform?
When is it desirable to have the crane provided with a low- lying platform?
What are the disadvantages of the crane with low-lying platform?
What is the chief advantages of a level luffing crane? 1
What is the deck crane suited for?
How are lifting magnets used?
What does the handling machinery include?
Where may the contactor panel and resistor be mounted on the cranes with electro-magnets?
Is control of the lifting and discharging operations of the magnet simple?
How is the control of the lifting and discharging operations of the magnet effected?
What operations do modern cranes with electromagnet perform?
In what case must a separate rectifier be provided for the magnet circuit?
II. Analyse the following sentences:
1. At this berth luffing cranes capable of discharging by means of electromagnets have been erected.
2. Laboratory investigations are being carried out on controller handles and foot controllers.
Form verbs and nouns from the following adjectives and translate them into Russian:
deep, fast, long, weak, circular, simple, hard, strong.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Так как производительность судовой грузовой стрелы ограничена, в больших портах используются портальные краны.
Порты с малым грузооборотом почти не оснащаются кранами.
Известно, что палубные краны бывают двух типов. 4. Для подъема и перемещения материалов из черных металлов применяют подъемные электромагниты. 5. Основной частью подъемного электромагнита является стальной литой корпус. 6. Подъемные электромагниты подразделяются на круглые и прямоугольные. 7. Круглые электромагниты применяются для работы по подъему и перемещению болванок, чушек, стальных и чугунных отливок. 8. Прямоугольные магниты предназначены для работы по подъему и перемещению листовой стали, труб, блоков. 9. В этом порту суда загружаются чугуном портальными кранами с электромагнитами грузоподъемностью 10 т. 10. Наш порт оборудован тремя кранами грузоподъемностью по 15 т, подающими руду из судов на ленточный конвейер. 11. Портальные краны, используемые при разгрузке трюмов судов, выполняются с подъемом стрелы во время рабочего цикла. 12. У магнитных кранов, предназначенных для перегрузки отходов из черного металла, захватным органом является грузовой электромагнит. 13. В портах для погрузки сыпучих грузов применяются краны с грейферами емкостью 3 куб. м. 14. На причалах будет применяться много новых захватных приспособлений. 15. Электромагниты прямоугольного типа применяются на судостроительной верфи. 16. Точное регулирование силы притяжения посредством специального механизма изменяет нагрузку магнита. 17. При помощи такого электромагнита можно подбирать из пачки один или несколько листов, а затем сбрасывать там, где это требуется.
Lesson ten
TRUCKING
Among the means of handling goods over a quay or through quay shed, either to a place of deposit, or to a point of loading on to road vehicles, or railway wagons, for inland delivery there is scarcely anything so flexible and effective as a system of trucking.
In very restricted space and where the distance to be run is short, hand trucking is employed for shed work at ports. Within its limits, it is extremely efficient and exceedingly adaptable tolocal conditions. Hand trucks are usually dealing with general goods.
The modern quayside truck, which has been developed from the platform truck, is a specialized appliance with several varieties of type, each of which possesses some particular advantage. Thus, for heavy objects, a low platform is desirable, and the truck floor in such cases is depressed between the wheels within a few inches of the ground. Another class of truck is not directly loaded, but has an adjustable platform, which can be inserted beneath a skid, tray, or stillage, previously loaded, and can then elevate it from the ground for transportation. Some trucks have three wheels to enable them to turn at a very short radius; they are more suitable for an uneven running surface; other -trucks have four wheels, which give them a steadier and broader base for supporting heavy loads.
The normal, and perhaps the most serviceable, capacity of a quayside motor truck is 2-3 tons. A two-ton truck is about 10 feet long, and can turn within a radius of 12 feet. It has a loading area of about 30 square feet.
The motors are 12 h. p., actuated by storage batteries, which are charged generally once in 24 hours. The usual practice is to recharge during the night, the operation requiring a number of hours. But if a machine is required to be run continuously, it can be equipped with replaceable batteries. The operation of changing requires about five minutes.
The speed of a motor truck depends on the nature of the floor. Generally about 10 to 15 miles per hour is attained, and short grades can be mounted without difficulty, as also longer grades of less inclination.
The control of the machine by the operator is very effective. The driving mechanism is so arranged that the operator can cut off the current immediately and the brake automatically applied. The controlling lever also promptly returns to the neutral position, when left free of control.
The Elevated Truck
In place of the self-loaded truck, an elevating truck may be used in conjunction with a number of skids, platforms, or stillages. The truck can depress its carrier frame so as to pass underneath a skid, which stands on bearers about 12 inches above the ground. These skids can be loaded while the truck is transporting, so saving an appreciable amount of useful time.
WORDS AND PHRASES
Trucking перевозка грузов на грузовых автомобилях, тележках- погрузчиках
Truck тележка, товарная платформа, грузовой автомобиль
To truck перевозить на грузовых автомобилях, тележках, погрузчиках
deposit [di'pozitf] склад
for inland delivery для доставки на территорию, удаленную от моря
to depress [di'pres] опускать, понижать
adjustable передвижной, переставной
to insert вставить
skid рейка; брус, по которому спускается груз; лоток
stillage стеллаж, низкая подставка
previously loaded предварительно нагруженный
uneven [An'i.vn] неровный
steady ['stedi] устойчивый
serviceable ['sarvisgbl] нужный (в эксплуатации)
to actuate ['aektjueit] приводить в движение
storage battery аккумулятор
to charge заряжать
to recharge перезаряжать
delay [di'lei[ задержка
if a machine is required to be run continuously если необходимо,
чтобымашинаработаланепрерывно
replaceable заменяемые
motor truck аккумуляторнаятележка
grade подъем,уклон
to mount подниматься
inclination подъем
to cut off отключать
the brake automatically applied тормозможетработатьавтоматически
self-loaded самонагружающийся
carrier frame основнаярама, каретка
underneath [,And3'ni:0] под
EXERCISES
1. Answer the following questions:
In what cases is hand trucking employed?
What sorts of goods are hand trucks usually dealing with?
What are some of the advantages of trucking?
Why is trucking a great convenience in ports?
What operations do modern trucks usually perform besides carrying cargoes?
What is a quayside truck?
What is the average capacity of an electric truck?
Why have the batteries to be charged at night?
In what case are the trucks equipped with replaceable batteries?
What is the elevated truck used for?
What does the speed of a motor depend on?
What is the average speed of a motor truck on good roads?
Analyze the following sentences:
The forks having raised the load, the assembly is retracted within the truck and the load is deposited on deck.
When delivering a load, the procedure is reverse.
What are the three principal forms of the following verbs?
build, cut, cost, deal, mean, draw, drive, grow, feed, find, bear, bring, get, grow, hand, leave, lead, give.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. В настоящее время ручные тележки используются редко.
Самоходная тележка является прототипом автопогрузчика.
Для транспортировки штучных грузов по территории порта и. внутри складов широко применяются аккумуляторные тележки и автотележки. 4. Выбор источника энергии зависит от условий эксплуатации. 5. Сложность конструкции и большая стоимость являются недостатком автотележек. 6. Необходимость часто перезаряжать аккумулятор является недостатком аккумуляторной тележки. 7. Простейший тип аккумуляторной тележки имеет покрытую настилом раму, которая опирается на четыре колеса. 8. Аккумуляторы расположены под настилом рамы. 9. Средняя грузоподъемность автопогрузчика 2—3 т. 10. Скорость автопогрузчика зависит от состояния дороги. 11. Грузоподъемность автопогрузчиков, изготовляемых этим заводом, от 0,5 до 10 т. 12. Привод механизма передвижения электропогрузчика электрический. 13. Тележка с подъемной платформой от ручного гидравлического привода может быть использована на внутри- складских работах. 14. Завод выпускает ручные тележки новой модели, которые поднимают грузы весом до 508 кг при вылете стрелы 381 мм. 15. Привод этих ручных тележек электрогидравлический, он осуществляется от 12-ваттной аккумуляторной батареи. 16. Автопогрузчик используется для погрузки и разгрузки железнодорожных вагонов и автомобилей и для штабелирования грузов на складах. 17. Для перемещения груза и для подъема его на высоту 1,5—2 м автопогрузчик снабжен вильчатыми захватами.
Lesson eleven
ELECTRIC FORK TRUCK
Fabricated from steel plate, the main frame is securely braced and seam-welded to form a rigid construction. Pivotally mounted on a main frame extention is the lifting mast consisting of steel uprights in which the fork carriage is mounted. Housed in the centre of the uprights is a large diameter hydraulic jack, provided with a cross-head carrying twin sprockets over which run the lifting chains.
A motor-driven hydraulic pump supplies fluid to the main lifting cylinder.
Operation of the hoist mechanism is effected by means of a suitable hydraulic control valve with accessible operating lever. The valve is fitted with control switches to energize the pump motor contactor when the hoisting operation is carried out. The 100-amp. S. P. magnetic contactor is fitted with an overload release.
TILTING-TYPE TRUCKS
Where required, the mast can be arranged for a backward tilt of 10 deg. from vertical and forward tilt of 3 deg., under the action of double-acting twin hydraulic jacks fed from the hydraulic pump and operated by separate control valve in a similar manner to the hoisting motion.
When the truck is required for operation in situations with low headroom, telescopic uprights are fitted.
GUIDED TRUCK
The driverless remotely controlled truck is of outstanding interest. The method of control is a simple one, but is absolutely foolproof and safe. One or a number of powered trolleys can be remotely controlled from a central point. Standard trucks are used so that, when required, they can be driver-operated in the usual way.
Over a desired route a wire is laid, either taped to the surface, for a temporary route, or laid just beneath the flooring if the installation is to be permanent. An a. c. current of specific frequency is passed through the wire. Two sensing coils fixed to the front of the truck pick up signal currents from the magnetic field, thus setting up and keeping the truck on the desired path. There is no physical contact between the wire and the guiding device.
The system permits the operation of several trucks over a common route.Immediately the control current is switched on, the brakes are automatically released and the trolley sets off on its unaidedjourney along the wire. Safety devices which instantly stop the trolley if the route is obstructed, or in the event of a failure in the control system, minimize the possibility of accidents.
As long as the trolley remains on its true course, the current magnetically induced into the two pick-up coils is equal and the steering control is not operated. Immediately it tends to wander, however, the current induced becomes unbalanced and amplified signals operate a servo-motor coupled to the steering mechanism. The motor immediately restores the trolley to its intended course.
Fig. 9. The guided truck
The complete control system has a very low power consumption and facilities for operating entirely from batteries can be provided, thereby making possible the use of this equipment on temporary sites, such as building and civil engineering projects where main supplies may not be available.
For almost all practical requirements the distance over which the trolley may be controlled is unlimited.
The connection of automatic control in no way affects the manual operation of the trolley. Changeover from automatic to manual control is accomplished simply by moving a single lever mounted on the trolley.
Looking to the future it may well be possible to introduce full automation over complex networks enabling loads to be automatically coupled, taken to the desired destination and off-loaded without any supervision whatsoever.
WORDS AND PHRASES
electric fork truck вилочныйавтопогрузчик с электрическим приводом
to fabricate изготавливать
steel plate стальная пластина
frame рама
to brace скреплять
seam стык, шов
to weld сваривать
rigid ['ridgid] жесткий
pivotally mounted on a main frame extention is the lifting mast
подъемная рама подвижно соединена с главной рамой
upright стойка, вертикальная рама
to mount монтировать
fork carriage вилочная каретка
housed in the centre of the uprights is a large diameter hydraulic jack, provided with a cross-head carrying twin sprockets в центральной части вертикальной рамы установлен гидравлический цилиндр большого диаметра, на головке плунжера которого установлены две звездочки torun (ran, run)перемещаться
jack [dgaek]зд. цилиндр
lifting chain подъемная цепь
fluid [fluid] жидкость
motor-driven hydraulic pump гидравлический насос, приводимый
в движение электромотором
main lifting cylinder ['silinda] главный подъемный цилиндр
pump motor contactor контактор электродвигателя насоса
amp. ( = ampere) ампер
S. P. (=single pole) однополюсный
Overload release реле, предохраняющее от перегрузки tiltнаклон
deg. ( =degree) градус
under the action of double-acting twin hydraulic jacksот двух соединенных между собой гидравлических цилиндров
control valve-клапан управления
headroomзд. высота помещения
telescopic [/teli'skopik] телескопический, выдвижной
guided truck управляемая тележка
remotely controlled truck тележка с дистанционным управлением
fool proof защищенный от неумелого обращения
safe безопасный
trolley ['troll] тележка
central point центральный пункт
route [ru.t] маршрут, направление
a wire is laid прокладывается кабель
to tape зд.прикреплять
specific frequency высокая частота
sensing coil чувствительная катушка
to set up направлять
производительными. 6. Автопогрузчик отличается от тележки консольным расположением устройств, поддерживающих груз, по отношению к ходовым колесам. 7. Погрузчик с самозахватывающим приспособлением предназначен для работы с мешковым грузом на складе. 8. Гидравлические приводы широко применяются в автопогрузчиках. 9. Самоходная тележка предназначена для механизации перегрузочных работ со штучными грузами весом до 1,5 т внутри крытых железнодорожных вагонов, на складах, в трюмах и твиндеках. 10. Новый трюмный погрузчик грузоподъемностью 1,5 г предназначен для ступенчатой укладки штучных грузов. 11. Эта погрузочная машина подает уголь, руду и другие навалочные грузы из подпалубного пространства на просвет люка. 12. Емкость ковшей погрузочной машины должна соответствовать емкости загружаемых вагонеток. 13. Погрузчик с боковой разгрузкой ковша более производителен. 14. Грузоподъемность нового автопогрузчика должна быть до 907 кг, при вылете стрелы 69,8 м. 15. Высота вилочного захвата над полом в опущенном положении равна 100 мм, высота подъема груза — 4,3 .п. 16. Скорость передвижения груженой тележки с дистанционным управлением — около 8 км1час.
Lesson twelve
SIDE LOADERS AND SIDE CARRIERS
The handling of materials in long lengths has always been a problem. The advent of side loading trucks and the side carrying truck has changed these materials handling problems beyond all recognition. These trucks are made with small wheels where they are used internally or are equipped with pneumatic tyres for travelling in storage yards, quay sides or over the public highway.
The loader has a control cabin forward and on one corner of the deck. Immediately behind the driver's cab is a fork truck mast with forks which virtually divides the load-carrying deck into two halves. The entire assembly can be moved in and out, from one side of the deck to the other so that the forks can extend beyond the side of the truck and pick up a suitable load placed parallel to the length of the truck. The forks having raised the load, the mast assembly is retracted within the truck and the load is deposited on the deck. When delivering a load the reverse procedure takes place. It is therefore possible for one man, the truck driver, to pick up a load of several tons, take it to its destination and deposit it, entirely single- handed.
This truck will operate in gangways little wider than the truck itself. Allowance must, of course, be made for adequate space wherever in the layout it may be necessary for the truck to turn when loaded with material which frequently is longer than the truck itself. According to circumstances trucks are obtainable with diesel engines or electric motors driven by batteries carried on the truck.
Lifting heights and fork lengths can be made to suit the individual handling problem as with the conventional fork lift truck. Unit loads of timber need only be separated in the stack by timber spacers so that the forks can enter between the loads. Some unit loads such as cases or drums can be stored and stacked on special long pallets which would be picked up centrally.
TRUCK ATTACHMENTS
The fork lift truck is basically designed to transport and stack materials contained in or on pallets. It does this by means of two forks which can be raised or lowered on a carriage moving vertically between two sides. It was soon realized, however, that if the forks could be substituted by other attachments its versatility could be substantially increased. Further, it has been found that by the use of other attachments certain categories of goods could be handled and stacked without pallets. Much capital investment and pallet maintenance costs can be saved in this way.
At the moment quite a few of these attachments have been developed and tried out. Further developments will undoubtedly take place when a demand arises. Some of these devices are a permanent fixture to the truck in which case the machine can hardly be called a fork lift truck any longer. The number so produced is increasing continually. The object of the designer is, however, to make them as attachments, if at all possible, so that they can readily be interchanged with the standard forks. The basic machine has now become an exceedingly versatile and highly efficient piece of industrial plant.
It must, however, be borne in mind that most attachments alter the load centre. Therefore, the effect of the attachment is usually to down-rate the carrying capacity of the truck. This point should be checked before a decision is made.
The usual attachments are as follows: (1) fork extensions, (2) ram, (3) jib, (4) side-shift, (5) scoop and shovel, (6) grab, (7) clamps, etc.
WORDS AND PHRASES
sideloaderгрузовой автомобиль с боковым захватом
sidecarrierгрузовой автомобиль, у которого груз в процессе захвата и перемещения находится сбоку
highway шоссе
deck помост для укладки (бревен и т. п.)
assembly [a'sembli] агрегат
to pick upподхватывать, захватывать
to retract [ri'trgekt] втягивать(ся)
gangway проход
adequate достаточный
conventional обычный
spacer распорный стержень
truck attachment сменное оборудование погрузчика
to substitute заменять
versatility разносторонность
maintenance costs эксплуатационные расходы
fixture приспособление
object цель
if at all possible если это вообще возможно
load centre центр тяжести
to down-rate снижать
fork extension выдвижной вилочный захват
ram безблочная стрела
jib крановая стрела
side-shift боковая смена
scoop ковш
shovel лопата
clamps зажимы