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Lesson 10

EUROPE’S HIGH-SPEED FUTURE

GRAMMAR: FUTURE INDEFINITE; FIRST CONDITIONAL

1.Read the article about European train travel in the next century. Answer the questions.

  • What is the CER proposal?

  • When did the first TGV line start operating?

  • What effect have high-speed trains had on airlines on many routes?

Underline five verbs in the text which refer to the future.

THE NEW AGE OF THE TRAIN

In January 1989, the Community of European Railways (CER) presented their proposal for a high-speed, pan-European train network, extending from Sweden to Sicily, and from Portugal to Poland, by the year 2020. If their proposal becomes a reality, it will revolutionize train travel in Europe. Journeys between major cities will take half the time they take today. Brussels will be only one and a half hours from Paris. The quickest way to get from Paris to Frankfurt, from Milan to Marseilles, and from Barcelona to Madrid, will be by train, not plane.

When the network is complete, it will integrate three types of railway line: totally new high­speed lines with trains operating at speeds of 300kph; upgraded lines, which allow for speeds up to 200-225kph; and existing lines, for local connections and distri­bution of freight.

If business people can choose between a three-hour train journey from city centre to city centre, and a one-hour flight, they'll choose the train/ says an executive travel consultant. They won't go by plane any more. If you calculate flight time, check-in, and travel to and from the airport, you'll find almost no difference. And if your plane arrives late, due to bad weather or air traffic congestion or strikes, then the train passengers will arrive at their destination first!'

Since France introduced the first 260kph TGV service between Paris and Lyon in 1981, the trains have achieved higher and higher speeds. On many routes, airlines have lost up to 90% of their pass­engers to high-speed trains. If people accept the CER's plan, the 21st century will be The New Age of the Train'.

Future: will, 1st Conditional, if and when

2.Read the examples. Complete the grammar rules.

will

  • Journeys between major cities will take half the time they take today

  • Brussels will be only one and a half hours from Paris.

  • They won’t go by plane any more.

1).Use…………….+infinitive to predict future situations and actions.

Note: will becomes ‘ll in spoken English, except in short answers.

will not becomes won't in spoken English.

1st Conditional

  • If their proposal becomes a reality, it will revolutionize train travel in Europe.

  • If people accept the CER’s plan, the 21st century will be ‘The New Age of the Train’.

2).To make the 1st Conditional, use if + the …… ……. , + will + infinitive.

Use the …….. ……. to express a future possibility and its result.

if and when

If your plane arrives late, the train passengers will arrive at their destination first!

When the network is complete, it will integrate three types of railway lines.

3).Use if to express a possibility and …… to express a certainty.

3.Write the questions for these answers. The information you need is in the article, The New Age of the Train.

Example How far will the network extend? It will extend from Sweden to Sicily, and from Portugal to Poland.

1.

Sally Ride - a career in space 49

Ride’s work lives on 50

Future: will 67

6. Future: will questions 68

Future: Present Continuous questions 70

Future: going to 70

Things to do in Singapore 70

Future: will, 1st Conditional, if and when 75

1st Conditional 75

if and when 76

2nd Conditional 81

CHAMPAGNE QUESTIONNAIRE 87

Collocations 107

English Grammar: What is Specific for Economics? 117

The Present Indefinite Tense 117

Употребление в экономической литературе 117

The Past Indefinite Tense 119

Употребление в экономической литературе 119

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Past Indefinite Tense: 119

Translate into English using the Past Indefinite Tense: 120

Употребление в экономической литературе 121

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Future Indefinite Tense: 121

Translate into English using the Future Indefinite Tense: 122

The Present Continuous Tense 122

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Present Continuous Tense: 123

Translate into English using the Present Continuous Tense: 123

The Past Continuous Tense 124

Употребление в экономической литературе 124

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Past Continuous Tense: 125

Translate into English using the Past Continuous Tense: 125

The Present Perfect Tense 126

Употребление в экономической литературе 126

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Present Perfect Tense: 127

Translate into English using the Present Perfect Tense: 127

The Past Perfect Tense 128

Употребление в экономической литературе 128

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Past Indefinite Tense: 129

Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense: 129

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 130

Употребление в экономической литературе 130

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Present Perfect Continuous Tense: 131

Translate into English using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense: 132

The Past Subjunctive Mood 132

Употребление в экономической литературе 132

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Past Subjunctive Mood: 133

Translate into English using the Past Subjunctive Mood: 133

The Past Perfect Subjunctive Mood 134

Употребление в экономической литературе 134

Translate into Russian the following sentences with the Past Perfect Subjunctive Mood Tense 135

Translate into English using the Past Subjunctive Mood 136

It will be ‘The New Age of the Train’ in the writer’s opinion.