U n I t 9. From the history of science

Grammar:

1. Indefinite Tenses § 10

2. Past Indefinite Active § 11

3. Степени сравнения прилагательных § 32

4. Особенности пассивных конструкций § 18

A. 1. Translate the following international words: atomic [ətɔmik], civilisation [,sivilai′zeiən], photo-electricity [′foutou,ilek′trisiti], energy [′enədʒi], role [roul], mechanics [mikæniks], theory [΄iəri], effective [i'fektiv]

A. 2. Learn new words

count считать data данные die умирать gather собирать rapid быстрый small маленький sound звук under при, по	closely близко, тесно fundamental основной fundamentals основы generation поколение himself себя, себе in fact действительно manner способ, метод relate относиться					electronics электроника feel – felt – felt чувствовать heat тепло, отапливать physicist [fizisist] физик play a role играть роль thus так, таким образом tool инструмент, станок understanding понимание
phenomena явления relation отношение utilize использовать		check проверять, контролировать, контроль increase [inkri:s] возрастать, увеличиваться, расти speculation размышление, теория, предположение
majority большинство primitive первобытный			environment окружение, окружающая среда principle [prinsəpl] принцип, правило, закон
advance прогресс, развиваться close [klous] тесный, близкий physical [′fizikəl] физический probably возможно, вероятно use [ju:s] польза, употребление				electrical engineering электротехника nature природа; натура, характер; сорт things дело, факт, случай, обстоятельство therefore поэтому, следовательно until до, до тех пор, (до тех пор) пока (не)
development разработка, развитие greatly весьма, значительно, очень living жизнь; живой, живущий measurement измерение, размеры section часть, отрезок, деталь X-rays – рентгеновские лучи					electricity [ilek′trisiti] электричество foundation фундамент, основание rate степень, скорость; доля, процент so так что; ~ that чтобы, с тем чтобы thorough тщательный; совер­шенный till до тех пор, (до тех пор) пока (не)

A. 4. Translate the following groups of derivatives:

advance – to advance – advanced, found – founder – foundation, continue – continuous – continuation, apply – application, relate – relation, utilize – utilization, develop – development, measure – measurement, understand – understanding, write – writing, count – counting, begin – beginning, heat – heating, base – basis – basic, atom – atomic, nature – natural, physics – physicist – physical, possibility – possible, effective – effectiveness, live – life, modern – modernize, slow – slowly, close – closely, rapid – rapidly, thorough – thoroughly, common – commonly

A. 5. Translate the following word combinations

the advance of science, to apply new methods, to begin the research, between the lessons, to be born in Paris, common aims, to continue research, to count money, to change the conditions, at the beginning of the century, new data, to deal with civil engineering, feel well, to gather new data, young generation, to heat the house, to increase production, cosmic rays, rapid growth, to measure the distance, to utilize the resources

B. 1. Choose the right variant

• 1. January is (colder, the coldest) than March. 2. Aluminium is (more important, the most important) metal of industry. 3. Chemistry is not so (difficult, less difficult) as Mathematics. 4. This is (more beautiful, the most beautiful) building in the city. 5. The Volga is one of (longer, the longest) rivers in Russia. 6. Beta particles have a (smaller, the smallest) mass than alpha particles. 7. Iron is one of (more useful, the most useful) metals of industry. 8. Moscow is (larger, thelargest) than St. Petersburg. 10. Winter is (colder, the coldest) season of the year. 11. Which is (longer, the longest) day of the yeat?

6. B. 2. Choose the right variant

8. 1. Our classes at the Institute (start, starts) at eight thirty. 2. Not to be late I usually (leave, leaves) home at a quarter past seven. 3. He (studies, studied) at the Institute now. 4. Every day I (get, gets) up at seven o’clock. 5. He (don’t, doesn’t) like fish. 6. Our scientists (solve, solves) a lot of problems every year. 7. He (do, does) his morning exercises every day. 8. It (take, takes) me an hour to get to the Institute. 9. It (don’t, doesn’t) take her much time to get to the Institute. 10. (Do, does) he speak English? 11. They (play, plays) chess.

• B. 3. Translate the sentences

• 1. There are several lifts in this house. Help me to lift this box. 2. I can't lift this box without help. 3. You must have a rest. 4. You may rest after your work. 5. The letter has no end. You must end it. 6. Smoke fills the room. 7. Fire produces smoke. 8. Students smoke in the corridor. 9. Water supplies power for industry. 10. The collector has large supplies of books. 11. My father works at the plant. 12. A farmer plants potatoes in spring. 13. Some plants suffer from heat. 14. Man must heat his house. 15. If you don’t work hard you’ll make no progress. 16. He devoted his life to the progress of science.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. She didn’t work at this problem last year. 2. He studied the laws of mechanics. 3. The scientist wrote this article not long ago. 4. She knew several foreign languages. 5. Einstein made great discoveries in science. 6. He didn’t do the calculations. 7. My father read newspapers in the evening. 8. They had two days-off. 9. Some students didn't understand this theory. 10. Our classes began at 9 o’clock. 11. The students went to the library yesterday. 12. It often rained in autumn.

B. 5. Transform the following sentences

e.g. They completed the work in time. – a) They didn't complete the work in time. b) Did they complete the work in time? c) What did they complete? d) When did they complete the work?

1. They studied at the mining department. 2. They made the experiment a week ago. 3. She meant it. 4. She knew the geography well. 5. They did the experiment several times. 6. They had a lecture on Mathematics yesterday. 7. The road led to the river. 8. My sister became a doctor. 9. He lived in this city some years ago. 10. We built this bridge two years ago. 11. Our teacher asked many questions. 12. He took part in this conference. 13. They left for London yesterday. 14. They visited some museums. 15. He did a certain job at the lab. 16. He entered Chita State University a year ago.

C. 1. Read the text FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS and answer the questions:

1. What is the story of civilization connected with?

2. What does the physics deal with?

3. What branches of engineering are related with physics?

4. Why is it important to know mathematics?

The story of man’s civilization is the story of his study of nature and the application of his knowledge in his life. Primitive man was born, lived and died with little change in his manner of living from generation to generation. The laws of nature were not studied.

The use of tools, first of stone and later of metals, development of writing and counting, all progressed slowly. Rapid advance was not possible until man began to gather data and check theories. Till that time most of man’s knowledge was based on the speculations of the Greeks.

A little over three centuries ago man began to use the scientific method of studying his environment. After this the development of civilization has become more rapid. Probably more than any other science physics has changed the conditions under which man lives. Physics deals not with man himself, but with the things he sees, feels and hears. This science deals with the laws of mechanics, heat, sound, electriсity, light, etc. Modern physics also deals with electronics, atomic phenomena, photo-electricity, X-rays, energy, etc.

The practical application of the developments of physics continues at an ever increasing rate. Practical physics plays, therefore, no small role. Practical applications of physics are not all made by physicists. The majority of those who apply the principles of physics are called engineers.

In fact, most of the branches of engineering are closely related with one or more sections of physics: electrical engineering is based on fundamentals of electricity; mechanical engineering utilizes the laws of mechanics and heat; civil engineering applies the principles of mechanics, etc. The relation between physics and engineering is so close that a thorough knowledge and understanding of physical principles is important for progress of engineering. One of the tools common to physics and engineering is mathematics.

If we are to make effective use of the principles and measurements of physical science, we must have a good knowledge of mathematics. Physics and mathematics are thus the basic foundations of engineering.

Note: X-rays – рентгеновские лучи make use of - использовать

A. 6. Translate the sentences

1. Have you ever been to London? 2. They are measuring the width of the road. 3. I've never heard this opera. 4. These conclusions are based only on my speculations. 5. Science plays a great role in the study of new phenomena. 6. He always checks his tasks in mathematics very thoroughly. 7. He wrote an article on the problems of water pollution some days ago. 8. The car was driving very slowly.

B. 7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison

1. The smallest particles that we see through a microscope are much larger than molecules. 2. Water is one of the most common things in our life. 3. Lighter molecules move with greater speeds than heavier molecules. 4. Lead is one of the heaviest metals. 5. Liquid oxygen is a little heavier than water, but liquid nitrogen is lighter. 6. From the earliest times people dreamt of air flights. 7. The greatest part of the matter around us is liquid or gas. 8. If the molecules of one of the objects are lighter than the molecules of the other, the lighter molecules will have the greater average speed. 9. Zink is cheaper than other metals. 10. Silver is one of the best conductors of electricity. 11. It is one of the most important questions of our conference.