1. 2. Learn new words

although хотя copper медь current ток marvel чудо once однажды too слишком	at last наконец cheap дешевый iron [aiən] железо money деньги out of вне, за, из turn превращать					among среди, между apperentice ученик black­smith кузнец miner шахтер, горняк modest скромный wire проволока, провод
accept принимать royal королевский		bind [baind] – bound [baund] - bound связывать run across натолкнуться на, случайно встретить
for the first time впервые hand [hænd] кисть руки liquid жидкий, жидкость			above all прежде всего, главным образом safety безопасность, техника безопасности strike - struck - struck приходить в голову
arouse вызывать, пробуждать either ... or... или ... или electrify электрифицировать magnetize намагничивать(ся) observation наблюдение title [taitl] титул, название				apparatus прибор, инструмент, аппарат condense конденсировать(ся), сгущаться over and over много раз, снова и снова popularity [,pɔpju′læriti] популярность set – set – set устанавливать; начинать yet еще, все еще; тем не менее, однако
bookbinding переплетное дело chance [tα:ns] случай, риск, шанс conductivity электропроводность world-wide всемирно известный					imagination воображение, фантазия profound основательный, глубокий try пытаться, испытывать; пробовать wind – wound – wound наматывать

experiment эксперимент; проводить опыты, экспериментировать

perfect ['pə:fikt] совершенный; [pə'fekt] совершенствовать

A. 3. Translate the following derivatives:

lecture - lecturer, science – scien­tist - scientific, chemistry – chemist, educate - education, bind – binding, electric - electrical – electricity - elecrify, magnet - magnetiс – magnetism – magnetize, popular – popularity, conduct - conductivity, possible - possibility, imagine – imagination, improve - improvement, measure - measurement, create – creation, simple – simply, great - greatly, experiment – to experiment, help – to help, know - knowl­edge, differ - different - difference, important – importance, discover – discovery, apply - application, solve – solution, observe – observation - observer, generate - generation

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

have a chance, get an education, run across an article, learn bookbinding, bind an encyclopedia, strike one’s imagination, arouse one’s inter­est, save money, buy a cheap and simple apparatus, make experiments, at­tend the lectures, an outstanding scien­tist, the most popular lecturer, become an assistant, get a profound knowl­edge, create a safety lamp, learn chemistry, turn gases into liquids, an important discovery, find world-wide application, make a glass, improve the telescope, run through a copper wire, wind around a piece of iron, try different experiments, solve the problem, a major discovery, in the field of elec­tricity, measure electric current, several important observations, the conductivity of different materials, enjoy world-wide popularity, re­main a modest man, accept high titles, numerous discoveries, the age of electricity, the future generations

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the conjunctions

1. Computers are machines that are capable of very rapid and accurate calculations. 2. The man whom you saw at my house had made an interesting tour of the country. 3. I often visit the town where I lived in my childhood. 4. While you are having dinner I’ll be reading the newspaper. 5. The substance that makes this planet so different from any other that we know of is water. 6. Underground water can be polluted by gasoline or other harmful liquids that seep into the ground.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the infinitive

1. Practice helps to master theory. 2. They did everything to get necessary information. 3. People made efforts to find new sources of energy. 4. They used this method to achieve good results. 5. They used different techniques to construct the dam. 6. Polzunov was the first to construct a steam engine. 7. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere. 8. His task was to complete the work in time. 9. He wants to become an engineer because he likes technology. 10. It is possible to take measures to protect environment. 11. The new instrument will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers.

B. 3. Choose the sentences which should be translated beginning with "чтобы"

1. To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning. 2. To restore the building they used bricks. 3. To translate such article without a dictionary one must know English well. 4. To drive cars in a big city is very difficult. 5. To translate such article without a dictionary is difficult. 6. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings. 7. To measure the vast distances between different planets scientists have to use special instruments. 8. To move along their orbit sputniks do not need any additional energy. 9. To design, construct and operate a radar system is a great technical achievement. 10. To know English well you must work hard.

B. 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to THAT

1. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty. 2. He said that he would do his best to help them. 3. The properties of gold are different from those of iron. 4. The work of the new device is much more efficient than that of the old one. 5. The problems of water supply in this city are as important as those of lighting. 9. Water is one of the few substances that man knows. 7. Not many scientists understood Einstein's discovery at that time. 8. That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time. 9. That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone. 10. The question that was discussed at the meeting yesterday is of great importance.

C. 1. Read the text Michael Faraday and answer the questions:

1. When did Faraday become interested in electricity?

2. What was his first important discovery?

Michael Faraday, one of the greatest men of science, had little chance to get an education. His father was a black­smith, and Faraday was born to work with his hands too. When thirteen years of age, he went as apperentice to learn bookbinding. He read many of the books he had to bind. Once when binding an encyclopedia he ran across an article on electricity. It struck his imagination and aroused his inter­est. With the little money he could save, he bought a cheap and simple apparatus and set to make experiments. He at­tended the lectures of Humphry Davy, an outstanding scien­tist and the most popular lecturer in London at that time. It was Davy who helped Faraday to become assistant at the lab­oratory of the Royal Institute and to get a profound knowl­edge of the subject. While still an assistant, he helped Davy to create a safety lamp for miners. He learned chemistry, he was working on the problem of turning gases into liquids. An important discovery of Faraday was that of benzol which he separated from condensed oil gas, and which since then found world-wide application. For several years had been working at the problem of a perfect optical glass and to have made a glass that greatly improved the telescope.

Yet the problem of electricity and magnetism interested him above all. All the scientific world had known by that time that if a current is run through a copper wire wound around a piece of iron, the iron becomes a magnet. If electric­ity magnetizes, why won't magnetism elecrify? That was the question Faraday asked himself over and over. For a long time he tried different experiments to solve the problem. At last in 1831 he made his major discovery in the field of elec­tricity — the electromagnetic induction.

Among a number of other discoveries he also measured electric current for the first time and made several important observations on the conductivity of different materials.

Although Faraday enjoyed world-wide popularity, he re­mained a modest man, never wanting either to accept high titles or to get any money out of his numerous discoveries. He was one of those great men who made possible the age of electricity in which we live, all the marvels it brings us and all those it may bring to the future generations.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. He was reading a book when I came. 2. They wanted to discuss what they had read in the newspaper. 3. I shall go home after I have done my work. 4. Before he finishes the article the newspaper will be published. 5. As soon as autumn comes the birds will fly away. 6. As long as you apply old methods, you will not be able to accomplish this research. 7. I don’t know whether the test has begun.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

• To help aircraft find the capsule, its upper part is covered with special paint which can be detected by radar. 2. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars. 3. It is important to understand the fundamentals of this science. 4. A citizen of our country was the first to circle the globe. 5. Our students don't need a dictionary to translate this text. 6. I need two more days to finish my work. 7. Mendeleyev was the first to make a classification of chemical elements. 8. A new comfortable train was developed to transport people over long distances. 9. To make calculations, two computer programmes were used. 10. The main purpose of the computer is is to solve complex problems. 11. The experiments to be carried out will be very important. 12. People made efforts to find new sources of energy.

B. 7. Translate the sentences with THAT

1. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 2. The cities that were destroyed during the war were reconstructed. 3. The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice. 4. The fact is that they haven’t calculated the speed of the car. 5. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. 6. The research on solar radiation as well as that of the earth's magnetic field became possible due to sputniks. 7. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air. 8. That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.

С. 2. Read the text Ernest Rutherford and then render it in Russian

Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand where he lived up to 1859. At the age of 19 after finishing school he entered the only New Zealand University founded in 1870. At that time there were only 150 students and 7 professors there. At the University Ernerst took great interest in physics and developed a magnetic detector of radio waves. However, he was absolutely uninterested in the practical applications of his discoveries.

In 1895 Rutherford went to Cambridge where he continued research under Thomson, the outstanding English physicist. There Rutherford studied the processes of ionization in gases and took great interest in radioactivity opened by Becquerel, a world-known French physicist. About ten years Ernerst Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. Later he lectured in leading universities in the USA and England from 1907 till 1919.

Rutherford famous work “The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom” dealt with so-called “atom models”. All main Rutherford’s works deal with tha nuclear atom. The splitting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy. The most important results have been obtained by splitting tha atom of uranium.

For working out the theory of radioactive disintegration of elements, for determining the nature of alpha particles, for developing the nuclear atom, Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

He died in 1937 at the age of 66.

award присуждать disintegration распад to split расщеплять(ся)

nuclear atom ядерная модель атома to scatter рассеивать(ся)

C. 3. Translate the text Henry Cavendish and his Discovery using the dictionary

Henry Cavendish was born in 1731 and died in 1810. He was an English nobleman who did scientific experiments as a hobby. In 1781 he made the important discovery that water is not an element but a compound of gases we now call hydrogen and oxygen. He described his experiment to the Royal Society in 1785.

His method was new. He showed that if electric sparks are passed through a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen the two gases combine explosively and form water. This was a dangerous experiment. Cavendish did his experiment safely; he wisely used a strong brass container for the gases. He also passed electric sparks through air and found that gases which readily dissolve in water form acids. We explain this reaction today as follows: oxygen and nitrogen combine and form oxides of nitrogen. He also noticed that air contained a small proportion od a gas which did not combine with any other gas even if we pass electric sparks through it for a long time. Now we think that this gas was probably argon, one of the inert gases. It was rediscovered many years later.

Notes: pass пропускать explosively со взрывом

brass латунь dissolve растворять

U N I T 12. SOURCES OF POWER

Grammar:

1. Participle II и его функции § 53

2. Функции слова mean § 64

3. Функции слова MOST § 61

4. Функции слова BUT § 62

A. 1. Translate the following international words: Barents Sea [′bα:rənts′si:], hydroelectric ['haidroui'lektrik], turbine ['tə:bin], uranium [ju'reinjəm]

A. 2. Learn new words

burning горение case случай even даже fuel топливо hot горячий pound фунт promise обещать reach достигать	at work на работе contain содержать generate производить i. e. = that is то есть namely а именно per cent процент power мощь, энергия source источник				besides кроме, кроме того by means of посредством capable (of) способный hard напряженно, много mainly главным образом mankind человечество measure измерять, мера tidal приливо-отливный
station станция steam пар thought мысль	burn [bə:n] - burnt [bə:nt] - burned гореть, обжигать promising многообещающий, подающий надежды supply снабжение; снабжать, подавать, подводить
convert превращать lighting освещение succeed преуспевать		capacity мощность, производительность, объем efficiency эффективность, производительность wonder интересоваться, желать знать; удивляться
no wonder неудивительно			sphere сфера, шар; круг, поле деятельности
all over the world по всему свету as … as такой же … как conventional традиционный directly прямо, непосредственно flow (down) - flew - flown течь fraction доля, частица, дробь heating нагревание, отопление represent представлять Soviet Union Советский Союз tide морской прилив и отлив unlimited неограниченный				actually фактически, на самом деле another [ə'nə] другой, еще один be en­gaged in заниматься ч-либо do one’s best делать все зависящее ever-lasting вечный, постоянный fossil окаменелость, ископаемое on the other hand с другой стороны transmission передача, трансмиссия underground water грунтовая вода well-known известный, популярный wherever где бы ни, куда бы ни

design [di'zain] проект, план, чертеж; предназначать(ся), проектировать

operate приводить в движение; работать, управлять, действовать

A. 3. Translate the following derivatives:

exist — existence; require — requirement; effi­cient — inefficient — efficiency; resist — resistance — resistant; possible — impossible — possibility; investi­gate — investigation — investigator; apply — applica­tion — applicable; act — active — activity — actor; long — length — to lengthen; to differ — different -indifferent — difference; desire — desire — desirable — undesirable; divide — division — divisible — in­divisible; science — scientist — scientific — scientifically, product – production – productive – unproductive – productivity; create – creation – creative – creator – creatively, vary – variety – various – variable

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

progress of mankind, heating and light­ing systems, require power,

the burning of fossil fuels, way of producing electricity, by means of generators, steam or water turbines, transmission lines, the generation of elec­tricity, conventional processes, highly uneconom­ic, convert into electricity, increase many times, other means of generating electricity, utilize hot underground water, another promising field, the production of electric power, be en­gaged in designing, various capacities, represent a practically unlimited source, contain much energy cheap power, reach efficiency, no wonder, all over the world, do one’s best, find efficient ways, succeed in something, create a number of devices, capable of giving a higher efficiency, try to solve many other problems

B. 1. Translate the following word combinations

The book mentioned by the engineer, the achieved results, all developed countries, the information discussed at the conference, the railway built between the towns, the lecture read by the professor, the research made in the laboratory, the design completed by specialists

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II

1. The information obtained is of great interest. 2. They discussed the information given to them yesterday. 3. When reconstructed the building became suitable for living. 4. The results achieved varied with the materials used. 5. When required this information will be used in our practical work. 6. When asked this question he couldn't answer it at once. 7. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing. 8. The new methods applied in the building of houses were most effective.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. Which of you has most mistakes? 2. He could eat everything but fish. 3. Do the most you can. 4. Those who have most money are not always the happiest. 5. The most widely used fibre among plastic fibres is polypropylene. 6. He was ill most of the summer. 7. The atmosphere is not a uniform envelope of gases around the solid earth, but has a complicated physical structure. 8. He came in time but nobody else was present. 10. When we came to the station the train left but a few minutes before. 11. These are the most interesting books on economics. 12. Keynes is the most famous economist.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. The evidence is by no means clear. 2. It is necessary to use the latest means of control in industry. 3. To study geometry means to train logical thinking. 4. The mean speed of manipulating building cranes can easily be calculated.

C. 1. Read the text SOURCES OF POWER and answer the questions:

1. What sources is the power obtained from?

2. What are other means of generating electricity?

3. Why is using atomic fuel for the production of electricity highly promising?

The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and light­ing systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Elec­tricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of elec­tricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconom­ic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. On the other hand, the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.

One is the energy of hot waters. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity.

Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are en­gaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in the Soviet Union on the Barents Sea in 1968.

The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source.

Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in gener­ating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.

No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of gene­rating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work trying to solve these and many other problems.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. Your news is most interesting. 2. I shall most certainly go. 3. It is possible to shape most of the commonly used metals by cold working at ordinary temperature. 4. The designer has to decide what type of bridge is most suitable in local conditions. 5. Air is not a compound but a mixture of various gases. 6. In liquids and solids pressure reduces the volume but little. 7. He was 30, but he seemed much older. 8. Most reports at the conference were made in English. 9. Most countries of Central Europe belong to developed countries. 10. Most of the time was spent on the analysis of the statistical data. 11. Most of his books were translated into other languages.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. For our experiment we must take the mean of several temperature measurements. 2. Large scale mechanization should be introduced into practice by all possible means. 3. We can easily lift great loads by means of helicopters. 4. By minerals we mean natural substances which occur in nature, each having definite physico-chemical properties.

B. 7. Translate the sentences

1. The problem to be solved is of great importance for our research. 2. We export special equipment and some kinds of technology designed to weaken corrosion. 3. The new method to be introduced at our plant will increase labour productivity. 4. The young scientist was the first to apply this invention. 5. To make a radio-isotope means to change the nucleus of a stable element. 6. The question will be discussed at the conference to be held in Paris. 7. The method used depends on the length to be measured. 8. The substance to be analyzed should be pure.

С. 2. Read the text HYDROGEN and then render it in Russian

Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unli­mited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene. Besides, hydrogen can be used as fuel in transport, industry and home.

Hydrogen is easy to transport and store. It can be transported over large distances using conventional pipe­lines. It can be accumulated and kept for a long time either in conventional or natural reservoirs.

Scientists have found many ways of producing hydro­gen — basically from ordinary water. And large volumes of this fuel can be obtained from coal, whose global re­serves are tremendous. There is also an idea of using nuclear power plants to generate hydrogen. Scientists hope to use the energy of the sun, wind and tides to obtain hydrogen.

In several countries car engines fed by hydrogen have been tested successfully. Tests have also shown that adding five to ten per cent hydrogen to benzene increases engine efficiency by 40-45 per cent.

What is still holding back the use of hydrogen as fuel, and what has to be done in order to apply it extensively in the economy? The main reason is that now it is more expensive than mineral fuels, but in the near future hydro­gen can be made cheaper to obtain. This new kind of ener­gy opens up new prospects in aviation, metallurgy and some other industries.

C. 3. Translate the text LIFE AND PROGRESS using the dictionary

A man has intellect, he can think and speak, he can work and plan his work. He must have food, drink, sleep and rest. He can’t live without food, he mustn’t work without rest. He needs rest after work.

A man works and studies according to the plan. It helps him in his work and study. Man studies nature and uses it for his needs. Nature gives us food, metals and minerals. Coal is a mineral, it gives heat. Heat can generate electricity, electricity produces energy. Man needs electricity for many industrial uses. Man’s intellect and technical skill progress. We must not stop on the way to progress. We must help to make life happy on this planet.

E. 1. Choose the correct form

1. We may (divide, be divided) Chemistry into two large classes: organic and inorganic. 2. I (did, have done) all my work. I’m going home. 3. He (saw, has seen) this film on Sunday. 4. Because he had never been there before he (enjoyed, enjoys) visiting these famous cities. 5. This work must (do, be done) at once. 6. He (works, work) hard at his French every day. 7. He (finishes, finished) school two years ago. 8. My friend translated this article (two days ago, in two days). 9. We shall have an English test (last week, next week). 10. We may (divide, be divided) Chemistry into two large classes: organic and inorganic. 11. (We, He) have read the text. 12. New houses (is built, are built, was built, built) everywhere: in cities, towns and villages.

E. 2. Put the verb into the proper tense

a) 1. 2. He often (write) letters to his parents. 3. They (go) away five minutes ago. 4. The road (lead) to the river. 5. He often (visit) them last year. 6. I not (do) my homework now. 7. He not (like) loud music. 8. Lomonosov (found) the first Russian University. 9. He not (send) the letter yet. 10. He (know) French well. 11. We (construct) this dam two years ago. 12. The scientist (write) an article not long ago. 13. They (find) a solution to this problem. 14. He (get) higher education at Chita state University. 15. He (study) at the mining department.

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