2. 8. Translate the sentences

1. I fell down and cut my arm. 2. I switched on the drill and drilled the hole. 3. I checked the tank. It was empty and I filled it. 4. I checked the wires. They were broken and I joined them together. 5. The lab assistant wrote down the results of his research. 6. When did the researcher develop this theory? 7. The new material possessed good qualities. 8. We used both types of thermometers in our work. 9. Iron and steel are both produced from iron ore. 10. The equipment required further improvement. 11. Scientists produced new elements in nuclear reactors. 12. Our lab will be provided with all the necessary tools. 13. In the 19^th century scientists established experimentally the atomic theory of the structure of matter.

C. 2. Read the text From the History of Drawing and answer the following questions:

1. What did people learn to do earlier: to write or to draw? 2. What did they use papyrus for?

3. What views were used in drawing objects at first?

People learned to draw pictures of the objects around them long before they learned to write. They used pictures instead of letters. Later they learned to make papyrus, which they used specially for writing and for drawing.

People began to use pictures for building houses, palaces and other buildings. As time went on the pictures used for technical purposes changed.

At first these drawings consisted only of a picture showing the object viewed from above. This picture was called a plan. Later people began to add a front view of the object to this plan. And then other "views" were added. Methods of making drawings were described in old documents. Principles of descriptive geometry were applied to technical drawing. Drawing links up science with practice.

Notes: view вид make a drawing делать чертеж

C. 3. Read the text FROM THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE and then discuss it

• Science had its origin in some distant era when people began to show desire to know about their environment. The actual birth of science took place in prehistoric times, probably in Egypt and Babilonia, more than 2,000 years before our era. But the progress of science did not begin until about the sixth century before our era, when the Greek civilization began to flourish. The next 500 years was the age of the great philosophers of antiquity – Thales, Pythagorus, Aristotle, Archimedes, and others.

Archimedes discovered some of the basic laws governing mechanisms and floating bodies. To Archimedes we owe the first application of mathematics to the description of nature. He was very far in advance of his time.

• In the period from the Greeks to the Renaissance few contributions were made to the development of science. First in importance among the scientific achievements of the Renaissance was the idea that the sun, rather than the earth, is the centre of our system of sun, moon, and planets.

The Polish astronomer N. Copernicus assumed that the earth is merely one of the planets and that all of them moved about the sun. It is hard now to understand the courage required to advance an idea of this nature because of the great wave of opposition which confronted Copernicus.