2. 4. Translate the sentences

1. Millions of species - animals, birds, fish have already disappeared from our planet. 2. Beginning with the 1960s the pollution problems have received great publicity. 3. Recently the environmental movement has gained widespread support. 4. Many laws aimed at environmental protection have been passed. 5. Standards for food have become strict. 6. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters.

C. 1. Read the text SCIENCE OF TODAY and answer the questions:

1. What role do science and technology play in our life?

2. What are computers used for?

3. What is the role of electronics in the progress of science and automation?

Our time is the age of scientific progress. The importance of scientific research and discoveries is growing with every year. Due to the achievements of world science a lot of things are brought to life. Science and technology play an essential part in our life. Our scientists and engineers transform nature for the benefit of humanity. Science has solved a lot of important problems and will solve still more in future to make our life still better. New beautiful towns and cities will be built throughout the country. Space exploration will be extremely important in different fields. Nuclear energy will be used in a lot of different ways.

In our days it is impossible to imagine technical progress without automation. New machines have greatly widened the range of operations that can be performed automatically and they have mechanized some loading and unloading of machines. There have also been extensive developments in the handling of materials and components between processes and in the mechanical assembly of simple components.

There are a lot of almost fully automatic enterprises: power stations with remote control, plants with automatic units, etc. Mechanisms perform the process of production and the operator has only to control the operation or process. In some kinds of work automatic machinery is more accurate and reliable than workers. The worker is to regulate the production process and to control the machines. Automation of all industrial processes is of great importance at today’s stage of development of engineering. It finds an especially wide application in the production processes.

Technical progress is now impossible without high quality materials. Success in this field depends on the achievements of physics and chemistry. Scientists create new synthetic materials. A great economic advantage is already obtainable from the uses of polymers and plastic materials in structural elements and different components.

Electronics is of great importance for technical progress. It is difficult to imagine the world we live in without computers. Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation. Since then several generations of complex electronic equipment have been developed. A computer is a complex electronic device that can store and process vast quantities of information.

Each new generation of computers opens up new possibilities for research.

Electronics makes it possible to raise industrial automation to a higher level. It will improve the system of control over mechanisms and production processes. Computers can control machines at factories, play chess, translate articles from foreign magazines and compose music. The application of the latest achievements in industry requires great knowledge and good technical training.

D. 1. Comment on the following:

1. Electronics is of great importance for technical progress.

2. Computers have much better memory and can store great amount of information.

D. 2. Speak on the Progress of science using the text and the following: as is known, in fact, as far as I know, on the contrary

A. 6. Translate the sentences

1. The assembly of the equipment took much time. 2. The raw materials are brought in through London harbour. 3. New developments in electronics are leading to great achievements in technology. 4. The research has been carried out by the engineers of the plant. 5. We have recently received instruments of high quality. 6. The simplest source of power is a battery. 8. The engine was running at full speed.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. The first thing man needed was some shelter he built of clay and branches. 2. Everyone can choose a profession he wishes. 3. The sphere of activity the study of geology can be applied to is tunnel building. 4. The documents the secretary has registered are in the office. 5. Any mineral a metal can be obtained from is called an ore. 6. Rocks are classified according to the material they consist of. 7. Salt is the mineral we obtain out of sea water. 8. The lecture was devoted to the purposes plastics are applied to. 9. Water is one of the things man can’t live without. 10. The uses tunnels are constructed for are numerous. 11. Tunneling is the sphere of activity of civil engineering the study of geology can most fully be applied to. 12. Water we wash with is brought to our home through a system of water supply.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. The energy possessed by the body due to its position is called the potential energy. 2. Due to the energy of the atom man can produce electric energy at atomic power stations. 3. Due to the sun people have immense supplies of energy. 4. The accident was due to his careless driving. 5. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials. 6. The train will arrive in due time. 7. These two methods are not comparable. 8. Much higher strength is obtainable.

B. 7. Translate the sentences

1. Public attention to the problem of pollution has now become part of the contemporary life. 2. Certain countries have already agreed to limit their carbon dioxide emissions. 3. People have always polluted their surroundings. 4. By the mid-1900's, pollution had affected the water in every major lake and river and the air over every major city in the United States and other industrial countries. 5. Since the late 1960's, millions, of people have become alarmed by the dangers of pollution. 6. The road had been paved by the end of the summer. 7. The electronic computer has been a remarkable achievement of modern science. 8. The population of this country has grown considerably in recent years. 9. This narrow bridge has been used for many years. Now it needs widening.

C. 2. Read the text SCIENCE and express the main idea

The science is concentrated in the most promising fundamental trends and fields, on increasing the practical effectiveness of research. The scientists have developed large-scale commercial manufacture of artificial diamonds with properties which surpass those of natural diamonds. The finest crystallographic equipment has been developed making it possible to study the atomic structure of materials. They have developed quantum generators which are used in industry for cutting and welding metals, for high precision treatment of various materials including diamonds and ceramics.

The world ocean will play an increasingly important role in the life of mankind. The scientists believe that man will be able to explore the sea’s resources to the depth of three quarter of a mile. The extraction of mineral resources from sea water will be industrialized. Man will also use the achievements of space technology for the solution of earthy problems. Computers and other technical means of control are widely used in such fields as aviation, rocketry, cosmonautics, economics, planning and management of production. One should remember that the wide use of computers signifies a further advance in industry.

C. 3. Read the text ROBOTS and speak on robots and their use in the production processes

Robots are machines of special type. They are to replace man wherever he is to do hard monotonous or hazardous work. They are complicated machines. Many of them are fitted with an artificial intellect systems, special programming devices and electronic controllers. Their development required the work of specialists in several technical fields together with specialists in biophysics and physiology.

The idea of robot technology was born in the forties, when the foundations of atomic power engineering were laid. The materials scientists must deal with are radioactive, and the equipment is dangerous for man. At the same time work with radioactive substances, assembly and disassembly of atomic reactors, the servicing of machines and devices in radioactive zones require human efforts. Remote-controlled equipment helps to solve this problem. The research institutes create robots for assembling various electronic circuits. Robots are in wide use for performing welding and painting.

C. 4. Translate the text ACCELERATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS with the help of the dictionary

At present our economy is based on the application of the latest scientific and technological achievements, on the use of innovations and the latest processes and materials and on comprehensive automation and the use of scientific discoveries.

Mechanical engineering takes the lead in this. We need to improve the quality of machines and materials so as to be on a par with world standards and to reequip the entire economy with new machinery.

Biotechnology also plays a tremendous role in accelerating scientific and technological progress. We have to invest money into environmental protection programs and we are to build wasteless and little-waste producing enterprises.

The scientific and technological progress is a complex many-sided phenomenon. It incorporates both the improvement of the operating technology and processes and transition to the fundamentally new technological systems which produce the greatest effectiveness. Mutually advantageous relations and cooperation with different countries in the field of science, technology and trade is of great importance.

Notes: environment окружающая среда to be on a par быть наравне

takes the lead занимает ведущее место wasteless безотходный

E. 1. Choose the proper variant

a) 1. I (have, has) just finished my home-work. 2. My sister (have, has) had supper and (is, are) watching TV now. 3. I (have, has) translated two articles and (have, has) done 3 exercises. 4. My brother (have, has) done his home-work and (is, are) reading a book. 5. He (studied, has studied) this subject last year. 6. He (studied, has studied) this problem and can answer your questions. 7. They (were, have been) to Moscow many times. 8. She (was, has been) in Kiev two months ago. 9. He (saw, has seen) this film on Sunday.

• b) 1. (All the students, He) have done this exercise. 2. (One student, All the students) has not finished the translation of the text. 3. When did they (finish, finished) school? 4. (Do, Does) she study at the Institute now? 5. He (leave, leave) for work at 8.30. 6. (He, She, I, They) doesn’t like his job. 7. They (is shown, was shown, will be shown, shown) a new film tomorrow. 8. Which is (easier, the easiest) subject for you? 9. I have known him (for, since, yet, already) childhood. 10. This work must (do, be done) at once. 11. He (have, has) no free time on week-days. 12. She (know, knows) the geography well. 13. He (prefer, prefers) old comedies. 14. He (works, work) hard at his French every day.

10. U N I T 11. F A M O U S S C I E N T I S T S

Grammar:

4. Функции инфинитива § 40

5. Функции слова “THAT” § 35

A. 1. Translate the following international words: induction [in'd∧kən], benzol [′benzɔl], electric(al) [i′lektrik(l)], encyclopedia [in,saiiklou′pi:djə], magnet [′mægnit], magnetism [′mægnitizm], lecturer [′lektərə], telescope [′teliskoup], optical [′ɔptikəl], popular [′pɔpjulə], electromagnetic [i′lektroumæg′netik], lamp [læmp]