Grammar_in_tablesA

fill	in		заполнить бланк
	complete a form
fill	out
	write information in a form		заполнить бланк
fill	up
fill completely with gas, water, etc.			заполнить, залить полностью
find	out
	discover information		выяснить
fool	around	(with)	валять дурака
	have fun	while wasting time
G get on (with)			хорошо ладить с
	have a good relationship with
	asking about life		как дела?
	making progress		делать успехи
get "back (from)			вернуться из
	return from a trip
get	in (to)
	enter a car, a taxi		сесть в машину
get off			сойти	с, выйти	из
	leave a bus, a train
get on			сесть	в автобус,	в поезд
	enter a bus, a train
get out of			выйти из машины
	leave a car, a taxi
get over
	recover from an illness,		оправиться от болезни,
	overcome<some difficulty		преодолеть трудности

fill in the form and send it.

We have filled out the papers.

The car was filled up.

We have finally found out the truth.

You are always fooling around!

How are you getting on with your boss? How are you getting on? — Fine, thank you. How are you getting on with your English?

'vv'nen did you get bacK)

They got in(to) the car and were off.

We are getting off at the next stop.

He got on the train for Oxford.

She got out of the car at the station.

ft didn’t take the child long to get over his illnes, but she couldn’t get over the shoch

Y f-	' ' ......................

j s $

Фразовые глаголы • Phrasal Verbs

		Фразовый глагол	Перевод		Пример употребления
A	ask out		пригласить на свидание (на	Why don’t you ask her out?
		to invite	обед и т.д.)
С call back			перезвонить кому-то	He called me back the				next day.
		return a telephone call
	call	for	зайти за кем-то	He called for her and they went to the cinema.
		to come to invite smb to go somewhere
	call	off	отменить что-то	She called off the visit				to the doctor.
		cancel
	call on			I was called on by my				English teacher.
		ask to speak in class	вызвать кого-то отвечать
		to visit someone	зайти к кому-то	I called on my friend			at		his	office.
	call up
		make a telephone call	сделать звонок	Will you	call	me up	in		the	evening?
	cross out			Cross out	the	word,	please.
		draw a line through	перечеркнуть
D	do over			You’ll have to do the work over.
		do again	сделать заново
	drop in (at)		заскочить к кому-то	Let’s drop in		at Boris’s.
		visit without an invitation
	drop out (of)			Five people dropped out of my class last year.
		stop attending school	бросить школу
F	figure out			1 just can’t figure out			what			you mean.
		find solution to a problem	найти решение проблемы,
			понять что-то

look for

search for, try to find

искать

She is always

looking for her

keys.

look after

take care o f (someone)

заботиться о ком-то

Her grandmother needs somebody to look

look out

after

her.

be careful

осторожнее

Look out! The door has just been painted.

.

look up

lookfor information in a reference book

искать сведения (напр., в сло­

Look this word up

in

the

dictionary.

варе)

M make up

invent

придумать

Make

up

a short

story,

please.

P

pay back

return money to someone

вернуть долг

They will pay you back next week.

pick up

lift

подобрать

He picked up the book from the floor.

put away

put something in its usual orproperplace

отложить

She put away all the

old papers.

put back

return something to its original place

положить обратно на место

Put back this

money,

it’s not

yours.

put down

stop holding or carrying

положить

(вниз), опустить

Put down

the

case, it’s very

heavy.

put off

postpone

отложить,

отсрочить

We’ll have to put off our trip,

I’m afraid.

put on

to wear

надеть что-то

What

shall

I put

on for the

party?

R

run iftto

:

jm

W&t Vy chance

случайно встретиться

I ran

into

her

in

the

library.

l i l

Р	Фразовый глагол	Перевод
get	through (with)	пройти через..., закончить
	finish
1	pass an exam	сдать экзамен
\	get up	вставать (просыпаться)
	wake up
	give back	вернуть что-то кому-то
	return something to someone
	give up	бросить что-то делать
	stop doing something
	grow up	повзрослеть, вырасти
	become an adult

H hand in

give homework, test papers, etc., to a teacher

hand out

give something to this person, then that person, then another person, etc.

hang (up)

(1)hang on a hanger, a hook, etc.;

(2)end a telephone call

Кkeep on

continue

вручить, сдать

раздать

повесить что-то; закончить те­ лефонный разговор

продолжать

Пример употребления

I think I’ll get through this report before 5 o’clock.

We think she’ll get trough the exam.

I hate to get up early in the morning.

When are you going to give me back my money?

You must certainly give up smoking.

It’s time you grew up, my boy.

We handed in our papers with the bell.

The teacher handed out our tests.

He said “Goodbye” and hung up. Where are you going to hang the picture?

They kept on talking.

L leave out		You left out one “m” in the word “gram­
omit	пропустить
		mar”.

		Фразовый глагол	Перевод	Пример употребления
	run	out (of)	израсходовать запас чего-то	We’ve run	out	of vegetables.
		finish the supply of something
S	start over		начать заново	You’ll have	to	start everything	over.
		start again
T	take off			Take off your coats and come			in.
		remove clothes from one’s body	снять одежду
	tear	down	снести здание	They will tear		down all old buildings here.
		destroy a building
	tear	up	разорвать	He tore up the letter.
		tear into small pieces
	throw away/out		выкинуть	I threw away all the broken cups and plates.
		put in the trash
	try on		примерить	Try on this beautiful dress, please.
		put on clothing to see if it fits
	turn down/up		убавить/увеличить громкость	Turn down the radio, it’s top loud.
		decrease/increase the volume
	turn	off		Turn up the radio, I can’t hear anything.
		stop a machine or switch off a light	выключить	Don’t forget to turn off the gas when you leave.
	turn on			Will you turn		on the lights?
		start a machine or switch on a light	включить
W wake up			проснуться	When do you usually wake up?
		stop sleeping
	watch out (for)		осторожнее	Watch out! You nearly hit that			wall.
		be careful
	write down			Write down your phone number for me, please.
		write on a piece o f paper	записать

JS6

Страдательный залог • The Passive Voice

Образование страдательного залога

Форма страдательного залога образуется с помощью to be (в необходимой форме) + Past Participle

Время	Действительный залог				Страдательный залог
Simple	The news surprises		me.	I am surprised by the news.
Present	The news surprises		Nick.	Nick is surprised by the news.
	The	news surprises	us.	We are surprised by the news.
1 Simple	The news surprised		me.	\	surprised by the news. •
Past	The news surprised		us.	We were surprised by the news.
Present	Tanya has posted the letter.			The	letter has been posted by Tanya. _
Perfect	Tanya has posted the letters.			The letters have been posted by Tanya.
Future	Olga will post the letter.			The letter will be posted by Olga.
	Olga is going to post the letter.			The letter is going to be posted by Olga.
З а п о м н и т е :					. -
1. В предложениях с глаголами				ask, tell, teach, offer, pay, sell,- give,
lend, show, etc. возможны два варианта пассивной конструкции.
Our firm		offered Tom a good job.
I — Tom		was offered a good job by our firm.

II — A good job was offered to Tom by our firm.

2. Лишь одна пассивная конструкция возможна в предложениях с глаго­

лами	explain, read, dictate,	describe, point out, announce,	mention, repeat.
The rule was explained to us.
The book was read to me.
The place was described to them.
3. Глаголы sell, wash, wear,		bake, read употребляются в действительном
залоге, хотя и имеют пассивное значение.			i
С р а в н и т е :			^
Detective	stories sell well.	Детективные рассказы хорошо продаются.
This cloth	washes and wears well. Эта ткань хорошо стирается и носится.
The pie is still baking.		Пирог все еще печется.	________ :

Страдательный залог в продолженных временах

Время

Present Progressive

am	1	+ being +
1S	|	Past Participle
are	)

Past Progressive was 1 + being + werej Past Participle

Действительный залог

The doctor is examining me (him, us) now.

When we moved to Mos­ cow, they were building a new metro station (new metro stations) in the city.

Страдательный залог

I am being examined by the doctor now.

He is being examined now. We are being examined now.

When we moved to Moscow, a new metro station was be­ ing built (new metro stations were being built) in the city.

Страдательный залог после модальных глаголов

		V + be + Past Participle
Действительный залог				Страдательный залог
I	can do	it.	It	can be done	by	me.
He	should do	it.	It	should be done	by him.
You	ought to do	it.	It	ought to be done	by you.
She	must do	it.	It	must be done	by	her.
He	has to do	it.	It	has to be done	by	him.
Tom	is to do	it.	It	is to be done	by Tom.
They	may do	it.	It	may be done	by them.
You	might do	it.	It	might be done	by you.

Ш

Сводная таблица употребления

глагола ask во всех ввдовременных формах страдательного залога

Время			Simple
Present	I		am '
	He	'
	She		►is
	It	.	asked
	We
	You		►are
	They.		,
Past	I
	He		was
	She
			asked
	It
	We		\ were
	You

They I

to be + asked (Past Participle)

(в необходимой видовременной форме)

Progressive	Perfect	Perfect
		Progressive

I	am ’
He
She	MS
It	being asked
We
You	►are
They

I

He

■was

She

It being asked We

You ►were They]1 J

	I	have'	_*
			—
	He
	She	f has	—
	It	been asked	—
	We		—
	You	►have	—
	They		—
	I		—
	He		_
	She		—
	It	had been asked	—
	We		—
	You		—
	They ,		- —

* формы отсутствуют

; ВреМЯ			Simple		Progressive
Future	I	shall	(will)	'	—
	He				—
	She	>will			—
	It	I		be asked	—
	We				—
	You	\ shall	(will)		—
	They				—
Future	I	should (would) '			—
in the	He	►would			—
Past	She				—
	It			be asked	—
	We	should (would)			—
	You				—
	They , would			,	—

I

He

She

It

We

You

They

I

He

She

It

We

You

They

	Perfect			Perfect
				Progressive
shall	(will)'			—
►will		have		—
				—
		■been		—
►shall		asked		—
	(will)			_ _
				—
should		(would)		—
				—
>would			have	—
			been	—
should		(would)	asked	—
would
’		1		—

Согласование времен • The Sequence of Tenses

" ....................................................... ..............

.

- »i -

Правила согласования времен

Характер действия		Прямая речь
1. Одновременность		Не said, “I	work hard.”
a) действие	главного
предложения	происхо­	Не said, “I	am working
дит одновременно с дей­		hard.”
ствием придаточного

Косвенная речь

He said (that) he worked hard.

He said (that) he was work­ ing hard. >i

b) действия, выражен­ ные с помощью модаль­ ных глаголов

He said, “I can work hard.”

He said, “I may work hard.”

He said, “I have to work hard.”

He said, “I must work hard.”

He said, “I should work hard.”

He said, “I ought to work hard.”

2.Предшествование (два действия в прошлом, одно из которых про­ изошло раньше другого)

3.Будущее действие

(Future in the Past)

(два действия, одно из которых в прошлом, а второе направлено на будущее)

He said, “I have worked hard.”

He said, “I worked hard.”

He said, “I am going to work hard.”

He said, “I will work hard.”

He said (that) he could work hard.

He said (that) he might

work hard.		hat) to
He said (that)	he
work hard.		must
He said (that)	he
work hard.		shoi$)j
He said (that)	he
work hard.

He said (that) he ought4:6

work hard.		'	Л
		had	'■:iV
He said (that)	he
worked hard.		had
He said (that)	he
worked hard.
He said (that)	he	was
going to work hard.
He said (that)	he	would
work hard.			•

-ЕВ