Grammar_in_tablesA

Артикли в названиях некоторых стран, национальностей, жителей страны и языков

Название	Прилага­	Национальность		Жители страны		Название
страны	тельное					языка
Russia	Russian	a	Russian	(the) Russians		Russian
Britain	British	a	Briton/	the	British	English
		an	Englishman	(English People)
		(Englishwoman)
China	Chinese	a	Chinese	the	Chinese	Chinese
America	American	an American		(the) Americans		English
Hungary	Hungarian	a	Hungarian	the	Hungarians	Hungarian
Finland	Finnish	a	Finn	the	Finns	Finnish
Spain	Spanish	a	Spaniard	the	Spanish	Spanish
Turkey	Turkish	a	Turk	the Turks		Turkish
Scotland	Scottish	a	Scot,	the	Scots	Scottish
		a	Scotsman
		(Scotswoman)
Holland	Dutch	a	Dutchman	the Dutch		Dutch
		(Dutchwoman)
Denmark	Danish	a	Dane	the	Danes	Danish
Egypt	Egyptian	an	Egyptian	the	Egyptians	Arabic
Spain	Spanish	a	Spaniard	the	Spanish	Spanish
Sweden	Swedish	a	Swede	the	Swedes	Swedish
Switzerland	Swiss	a	Swiss	the	Swiss	German,
						French,	Italian
Israel	Israeli	an	Israeli	the	Israelis	Hebrew
Belgium	Belgian	a	Belgian	the	Belgians	Dutch,	French,
						German
Portugal	Portuguese	a	Portuguese	the	Portuguese	Portuguese
Australia	Australian	an	Australian	the Australians		English
the Czech	Czech	a	Czech	the Czechs		Czech
Republic
Saudi Arabia Saudi		a	Saudi	the	Saudis	Arabic
Poland	Polish	a	Pole	the	Poles	Polish

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Артикли с неисчисляемыми (вещественными ■ абстрактными) именами существительными

не имеют формы			a (an)	the	л
				ситуация, контекст,
множественного числа				лимитирующее
				определение
1. news			Единичность выражается:
money			a piece of work	The news was fantastic.
hair			an item of news	The weather was too hot.
progress			a word of advice	The progress you’ve made
furniture			a sum of money	makes me glad.
traffic			an article of furniture
information			a grain of truth
weather					is;
2. С р а в н и т е :
grammar (часть науки			a grammar (учебник
о языке)			грамматики)		■
study (процесс уче­			a study (комната, каби­
ния)			нет)
beauty		(красота)	a beauty (красавица)
paper		(бумага)	a paper (газета)
glass	(стекло)		a glass (стакан)
light	(свет)		a light (лампа, огонек)
3. Неисчисляемые
вещественные именг.
существительные
в общем смысле			«вид», «сорт», «порция»	The teas of India arê of
С р а в н и т е :
coffee			a coffee (чашка, порция)	fine quality.
beer			a beer, beers (банка, не­	The coffee is too strong.
wine			сколько банок и т. д.)	Thank you, the tea	was
			a dry wine, French wines	excellent.
tea			a tea, teas	I think the wines of
food			foods	France are better than
				the wines of Spain.
С р а в н и т е :
Which	cheeses do you sell? — Different kinds of cheese.

My Granny makes four jams every year. — Every morning I have		toast with
jam.	p N
This restaurant serves five soups. — We always choose	a Singaporean seafood
soup.

3.7

Артикли с названиями болезней

		—			a	(an)			the
1	diabetes	herpes			a	cold		the	measles
	influenza	malaria			a	fever		the	mumps
	measles	pneumonia						the chickenpox
	appendicitis cholera							the	flu
	mumps
2	earache,	toothache	an	earache, a			toothache
			(.American)
	(British)		a	headache —			headaches
	heartache	(моральные	a	heart	problem
	страдания)		a	heart	attack

Артикли с существительным fish

	Единственное		Множественное число		Примечания
	число
1 a	fish		two fish		fish (продукт питания)
a	carp		three	carp	Do you like fish?
a	trout		four	trout	There is fish on the menu.
a	pike		many	pike	Fish is useful.
What		a beautiful	There are many (a lot of) fish
fish!			in this lake.
I gave		a fish to	How many fish did you catch?
the cat.
			Форма fishes (различные виды
			рыб) употребляется редко!
			The fishes of the Atlantic.
			There are different fishes in the
			aquarium.
2			Существительное fish имеет
			также собирательное значение
			Fish travel long distances in the
			sea.
			Ecologically, fish are at		risk
			now.

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Артикли с существительным fruit

Fruit	Fruits	The
Единственное число	Множественное число	(ситуация, контекст,
(неисчисл.)		лимитирующее
		определение)

Вид питания, продукт

(нет формы множест­ венного числа)

Fruit is good for health. It is rich in vitamins. There is fruit on the table. Do you like fruit? Is fruit expensive this year?

Ботанический термин a fruit (плод)

A strawberry is a beautiful fruit.

Различные виды фрук­ тов

Many different fruits are brought from Italy, Greece and Spain.

I like citrus fruits best. What are the local fruits?

fruits (плоды)

This bush gives red fruits,

(ягоды, плоды)

The fruit is on the table. Where is the fruit?

Tlie fruit which you bought was very good.

How much did you pay for the fruit?

В переносном значении —

плоды, результаты чего*'* либо:

the fruits of nature the fruits of industry

the fruits of our efforts

, )

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Имя прилагательное • The Adjective

Классификация прилагательных

Качественные	Относительные
Qualitative	Relative

great, nice, difficult, clever, clean, windy, beautiful, old, new, warm, cold, optimistic, kind, tall, short, well-known

имеют степени сравнения

woollen, golden, wooden, American, Russian, Italian, weekly, daily, middle, dead, pregnant, left, right, empty, perfect, square, round, medical, full, unique

не имеют степеней сравнения

Степени сравнения прилагательных

Степень сравнения	Положительная	Сравнительная		Превосходная*
Форма	Positive	Comparative		Superlative
Синтетическая	nice	nicer		nicest
(одно- и двусложные	hot	hotter		hottest
прилагательные)	long	longer		longest
-er, -est	happy	happier		happiest
	gay	gayer		gayest
Аналитическая	interesting	more	interesting	most interesting
(многосложные	beautiful	more	beautiful	most beautiful
прилагательные)	comfortable	more comfortable		most comfortable
more, most	serious	more	serious	most serious
П р и м е ч а н и е .	Прилагательные	angry,	clever, common, cruel, friendly,

gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple могут иметь как синтетические, так и аналитические формы степеней сравнения.

simple	simpler	simplest
	more simple	most simple
handsome	handsomer	handsomest
	more handsome	most handsome

* З а п о м н и т е :

Перед существительным, определяемым прилагательным в превосходной сте пени, как правило, употребляется определенный артикль.

She is the tallest girl in our class. He is the most serious boy in your class.

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Нетрадиционные формы степеней сравнения прилагательных

(образуются от разных основ)

Положительная

степень

good bad little much I many J

It’s a good day today.

He makes little progress in his studies.

Children have much free time in summer.

Сравнительная

степень

better worse less

more

The weather is better to­ day.

He made less progress in his studies than his friend. They have more time in summer than in winter.

Превосходная

степень

best worst least

most

It’s the best day in the whole summer.

He has made the least progress in the group. Most o f his time is spent on working.

Двойные степени сравнения

		later -----------------	the latest
		(более поздний)	(последний, самый новый)				the last
late		the latter-----------	last		во времени)
(поздний)		(последний из двух	(прошлый				(последний
		перечисленных)					по порядку)
Let’s go		by a later train. I usually watch			the latest news.
I met Max and Henry in the street. The former (первый) said “Hello’
but the latter (последний) didn’t recognize me.
last year we went to the Crimea. Read					the last	sentence,	please.
			nearest
near		nearer	(ближайший в значении
			расстояния в прямом
(близкий)		(более	и переносном смысле)				(the) next
		близкий)	next
			(следующий по времени)				(следующий
							по порядку)
Let’s sit nearer to the stage.
We can	have a snack in the nearest			cafe.
What are your nearest plans?
I’ll see Ann next week.
The next		stop is yours.
		older-----------------------		oldest
		(старше no возрасту)		(самый старший по возрасту)
		elder		eldest
(старый)		(старший — родственные		(самый старший по положению)
		отношения)
Mary is three years older than Peter.
He is the oldest of the five children.
Boris is my elder brother.			is the eldest at our office.
Andrew is very young, but he
		Обе формы могут обозначать расстояние:
for		farther-----------------------------------		farthest
	(более дальний)				(самый дальний)
(дальний,	further------------------------------------			furthest
далекий	(дальнейший,последующий)			(самый		дальний)

He went farther (further) into the wood.

They sat at the farthest (furthest) table.

We are waiting for further instructions.

There was no farther comment.

Прилагательные с противоположным значением

	Слова-антонимы
bad	—	good
beautiful	—	ugly
big	—	little
big	—	small
cheap	—	expensive
clean	—	dirty
cold	—	hot
cool	—	warm
dangerous	—	safe
dark	—	light
'efcep	—	shallow
difficult	—	simple
dry	—	wet
early	—	late
empty	—	full
fast	—	slow
fat	—	thin
first	—	last
happy	—	sad
hard	—	easy
hard	—	soft
healthy	—	ill
healthy	—	sick
heavy	— light
high	—	low
intelligent	—	stupid
large	—	little
large	—	small
long	—	short (Heodyiu. npedM.)
modem	—	old-fashioned
narrow	—	wide
noisy	—	quiet
old	—	new (neodyiu. npedM.)
old	—	young
poor	—	rich
private	—	public
right	—	left
right	—	wrong
short	—	tall
sour		sweet
strong		weak

Отрицательные префиксы un-, in-, dis-, il-, im-, ir-, ab-

able	—	unable
accurate	—	inaccurate
certain	—	uncertain
clear	—	unclear
comfortable	—	uncomfortable
common	— uncommon
complete	—	incomplete
convenient	—	inconvenient
dependent	—	independent
direct	—	indirect
expensive	— inexpensive
fair	—	unfair
familiar	—	unfamiliar
happy	—	unhappy
healthy	—	unhealthy
honest	—	dishonest
important	—	unimportant
interesting	—	uninteresting
kind	— unkind
lawful	—	unlawful
legal	—	illegal
logical	—	illogical
loyal	—	disloyal
mobile	— immobile
necessary	—	unnecessary
normal	—	abnormal
pleasant	—	unpleasant
polite	—	impolite
possible	—	impossible
proper	— improper
rational	—	irrationak
real	—	unreal	)
reliable	—	unreliable
regular	—	irregular
responsible	—	irresponsible
secure	—	insecure
sure	— unsure
true	—	untrue
usual	—	unusual
visible	—	invisible

jsS

Числительное • The Numeral

Количественные

Cardinal сколько? how many?

0zero

1one

2two

3three

4four

5five

6six

7seven

8eight

9nine

10ten

11eleven

12twelve

13thirteen

14fourteen

15fifteen

16sixteen

17seventeen

18eighteen

19nineteen

20twenty

21twenty-one

22twenty-two

23twenty-three

30thirty

40forty

50fifty

60sixty

70seventy

80eighty

90ninety

100one hundred

101one hundred and one

102one hundred and two, etc.

200two hundred

Порядковые

Ordinal

какой? который? which?

0
1st	(the)* first
2nd	second
3rd	third
4th	fourth
5th	fifth
6th	sixth
7th	seventh
8th	eighth
9th	ninth
10th	tenth
11th	eleventh
12th	twelfth
13th	thirteenth
N th	fourteenth
15th	fifteenth
16th	sixteenth
17th	seventeenth
18th	eighteenth
19th	nineteenth
20th	twentieth
21st	twenty-first
22nd	twenty-second
23rd	twenty-third
30th	thirtieth
40th	fortieth
50th	fiftieth
60th	sixtieth
70th	seventieth
80th	eightieth
90th	ninetieth
100th	hundredth
101st	hundred and first
102nd	hundred and second
200th	two hundredth

* Порядковые числительные, как правило, употребляются с определен­ ным артиклем (the first, the twenty-second, etc.)

Количественные

Cardinal сколько? how many?

201	two hundred and one,
1.000	etc.
	one thousand
1.001	one	thousand	and one,
2.000	etc.
	two thousand
2.001	two thousand		and one,
10 000	etc.
	ten thousand
100 000	one hundred thousand
1 000 000	one	million,	etc.
1 000 000 000	one	billion

З а п о м н и т е :

Room one (1), но: the first room Page two (2), h o : the second page Task three (3), но: the third task

Порядковые

Ordinal

какой? который? which?

201st two hundred and first

1000th		thousandth
1001st		thousand and first
2000th		two thousandth
2001st		two thousand
10	000th	and first
		ten thousandth
100	000th	hundred thousandth
1 000	000th	millionth
1000 000	000th	billionth

		Разговорные формы цифры О
1. nought	[no:t]	<
		в математике
0.7 =	nought point seven

2.zero ['ziarsu]

—15°C = minus fifteen degrees или fifteen degrees below zero

3.о [эи]

705 21 80 — seven о five two one e'ght о

внауке, например для обозна­ чения температуры

втелефонных номерах

4. nil или nothing	в спорте для обозначения
2:0 = the score was two nothing will	счета игры

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