Grammar_in_tablesA

Правила согласования времен не соблюдаются:

а) если речь идет об общеизвестной истине или фактах, остающихся вер­ ными на данный момент

Примеры

The teacher told us (that) there are four seasons in a year.

I read in a book (that) the sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

The train was cold as they always are in winter.

My mother used to tell me that old habits never die.

б) если указана дата	He said (that) he was born in 1980.
	She said they first met on the first of
	April in 1995.

Изменения в наречиях (времени, места и т.д.) при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную

yesterday - » the day before, theprevious day

today —» that day, the same day tomorrow —> the day after, thefollowing day

the day before yesterday —> two days before

the day after tomorrow —» in two days time

last week —» the week before, theprevious week

now —> then, immediately

next week —» the week after, thefollowing week

this -»	that	these —> those
ago —>	before	here —> there

Jgz

Наклонения • Moods

Изъявительное наклонение

	Выражает реальные факты
It’s hot today.
There are four seasons in the year.
He	is a terrific teacher.
					1 1	........... f
	Повелительное наклонение инфинитива глагола без to
	” ~	~		~	■	. . - ■
	Выражает приказания, просьбы, запреты, предупрежцения					и т. д.	•
	Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма
1	Relax! Mind you! Watch out! Stay cool!	Don’t lie to me! Don’t compromise
	Hold your tongue! Freeze! Dismiss! Be	yourself! Don’t you answer me back!
	happy!	Don’t tell	us	stories!	Don’t worry!
	Глагол do усиливает высказывание:
	Do sit down! Do be honest! Do believe
	and trust us!
2	let + инфинитив без частицы to	Let him	not	do it.	или Don’t		let
	Let him (her) do it.
	Let us listen to the song.	him do it.				n
	Let them tell the truth.	Let us not argue, или Don’t let us
	Let’s stay together to the end.	argue.

3Will you, Would you

очень употребительны после пове­ В отрицательных предложениях

лительного предложения

Pay attention, will (would) you? Be careful, will (would) you?

возможно лишь Will you

Don’t be late, will you?

Don’t take my books, will yon?

Сослагательное наклонение

Выражает проблематичные, нереальные .факты и действия

1Нереальное условие

внастоящем времени

Present Subjunctive

Придаточное предложение

Совпадает по форме с Past Simple

(2-я форма глагола)

I,	you,	were	you
И he,	she,	knew	it
it,	we,	had	it
you, they		saw	it
		went	there

Нереальное следствие в настоящем времени

Present Conditional

Главное предложение

would + do it (инфинитив глагола без to)

I, you,			(wouldА
he,	she,	it,	| could > be happy
we,	you,	they	[ might J

2

I,	you,
If he,	she,
it,	we,

you, they

If I were in your place, If you knew the answer, If he had a car, If we went to London,

If they saw that film,

Нереальное условие в прошедшем времени

Past Subjunctive

Придаточное предложение

Совпадает по форме с Past Perfect

had been	you,
had known	it,
had had	it,
had seen	it,
had gone	there,

If I had been in your place, If you had known the answer, If he had had a car,

If we had gone to London, If they had seen that film,

I would do the same. you would give it.

he would drive us to the airport. we could speak English.

they might like it.

Нереальное следствие в прошедшем времени

Past Conditional

Главное предложение

would		have done it
could +		(перфектный
might		инфинитив глагола)
I,	you,	it,	(would) havehpen
he,	she,		i could I T ™
we, you,		they	(might J

I would have done the same, you would have given it.

he would have driven us to the airport.

we could have spoken English, they would have liked it.

Условные предложения

Тип	Придаточное		Главное
	предложение		предложение
1. Реальное	If I	have money,	I’ll buy a computer.
условие
2. Нереальное	If I	had money,	I would buy a com­
условие,			puter.
относящееся
к настоящему
или будущему
времени
3. Нереальное	If I had had mon­		I would have bought
условие,	ey last year,		a computer.
относящееся
к прошлому

4. Смешанный If you worked тип hard, (вообще) предложений

If you had worked hard last term, (в

прошлом)

you wouldn’t have made so many mis­ takes in the last test, (в прошлом)

you would know the answer now. (сей ­ час, в настоящ ий момент)

Перевод

Если у меня будут деньги, я куплю компьютер. .

Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы купил компьютер.

• ! I

Если бы у меня: были деньги !

в прошлом грду, я бы купил ком­ пьютер.

■ %

Выражение нереальных пожеланий после глагола wish

Одновременные действия

I wish I were (was) free now.

Жаль, что я не свободен сейчас.

Предшествующие действия

I wish I had been free last week.

Жаль, что я не был свободен на прошлой неделе.

I wished I knew it.

Я жалел, что не знал этого.

За п о м н и т е

1.We

2.	It	(	is
		{	was
3.		, .
	It	-1	1S
		1	was

с л е д у ю щ и е

insist suggest propose order demand

,advise

necessary desirable advisable recommended surprising

,important

,

і time J

I wished I had known it before.

Яжалел, что не знал этого раньше.

фр а з ы :

that you (	ЛоаМ a d h e r e - W
1	stay here. (Am)

■ that you ( ?hould be present. (Br)

{be present. (Am)

[	for	us	to go.
і	we went.
[w e		.	,,
		should go.

Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, герундий, причастие I,

причастие II • The Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (The Verbals): The Infinitive, the Gerund, Participle I, Participle II

Инфинитив — неопределенная форма глагола, формальным показателем которой является частица to.

Служит исходной базой для образования всех глагольных форм.

Формы инфинитива

Время	Действительный залог	Страдательный заДог'
Simple (Indefinite)	to write	to	be written
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Progressive (Continuous)	to be writing	—	, , Л :
Perfect Progressive	to have been writing
(Continuous)

Инфинитив без частицы to

1. После	вспомогательных	глаголов	— Do you		speak		French? — I don’t
do, does,	shall, will, should,	would	know it.		help them? — They will do
			— Shall I
			it themselves.
			— What should I do? — We would call
			you	if we could.
2. После модальных глаголов			My	sister can		play	football.
(кроме ought to, be to, have to)			What must I			do?
и модальных фраз			You’d better			leave	now.
			We cannot but refuse him.

3. После глаголов чувственного восприятия to hear, to see, to feel, to notice, to watch

Somebody heard him say that. Nobody saw them leave.

We noticed her turn pale. She watched the plane land.

Ho\ Если эти глаголы употребляют­ ся в пассивном залоге, то инфини­ тив будет с частицей to.

Не was heard to say that. They were seen to leave. She was made to do it.

4. После глаголов принуждения let, make

З а п о м н и т е :

Глагол let не употребляется в пас­ сивном залоге; употребляйте гла­ гол to allow

5. В вопросах, начинающихся с Why? (Почему бы не..?)

Let us discuss the problem. We let them go home.

I’ll make you understand it.

You can’t make me do such a thing.

We let them decide the question.

Ho\ They were allowed to decide the question.

Why do it? Why risk it? Why not go to a pub?

Why not tell us the whole story?

Функции инфинитива в предложении

Функция

1.Подлежащее

Subject

2.Часть составного именного сказуемого (предикатива) Part of a compound nominal predicate (predicative)

Примеры ' r :

To be happy is everybody’s wish. . To be or not to be is the question

To make the world better was his,am^. , It’s unwise to refuse.

It is important to decide this question^;

My aim is to get a good education.

To travel means to enlarge your hori$6fl8. What I want is to be healthy, wealthy and ^fee. He is easy to deal with.

She is interesting to talk to.	' j)t
This table is comfortable to worts at,	' ,

3. Часть составного глагольного You ought to take some vitamins, yotiggaUy

сказуемого — модального	should do it.	i d ?
или аспектного	She needed to find them immediately.
(обозначающего характер	I can’t stand it	any longer.
протекания действия
с глаголами begin, start,	He began to speak about his plans.
continue, cease, used to, would)	She started to make tea sandwiches.
Part of a compound verbal	They continued to talk like old friends.
predicate — modal or aspective	The radio ceased to work all of a sudden.
	We used to meet quite often, but ndt npw.
	My sister used	to tell me all her secrets.
	The train would	stop, then roll backh and Sit
	for a long time,	and then would start again.

4. Дополнение

Object

а) после глаголов: afford, agree, arrange, ask, decide, forget, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, try, want, wish

b) после прилагательных или причастий: (un)able, afraid, careful, free, glad, happy, lucky, ready, sorry, surprised, useless

We agreed to	meet.	..... ’,
They managed to run away.
I promise to think it over.
She hopes to	find a good job.
Children like	to watch cartoons.

I am lucky to get this chance. The kids are afraid to stay alone. We are happy to meet you.

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

She was surprised to see us there.

E S

Функция

Примеры

5. Часть сложного дополнения

Part of the complex object (“The Complex Object” см. стр. 110)

а) после глаголов:

want, wish, would like, desire, like, hate, expect, know, believe, consider (with to)

We want you to help us.

Do you wish me to join you? I expect them to arrive soon.

We know him to be a cool guy.

They consider the matter to be serious.

b) после глаголов	I’ve never seen her look so beautiful.
чувственного восприятия	The inspector noticed the man enter the bank.
и глаголов принуждения: see,	Everybody heard him say that.
hear, feel, notice, watch, make,	All right, son,	we’ll let you take a dog.
let (without to)	Who made you do it?
6. Определение	These are the rules to remember.
Attribute	I have so many things to do.
	This is an e-mail		to answer.
	He is the man	to	help us.
	Internet gives	everyone the power to share
	information and ideas.

We have something to tell you.

I have nothing to declare.

Why am I always the last to learn things?

7. Обстоятельство

Adverbial modifiers of:

а) цели (purpose)

b) степени, результата

(degree or result), после enough, too

с) неожиданного результата,

следствия (unexpected consequence)

We stopped to have a chat.

She is studying to be a teacher.

I popped into the snack bar to buy a soda. He went to England to improve his English.

She	is clever	enough to understand it.
I am	too tired	to go for a walk.

He is old enough to begin working.

It’s too cold to swim today.

They know him well enough to trust him.

I awoke one morning to find myself famous. (Я проснулся однажды утром и обнару­ жил, что я знаменит.)

Не came into the garage to discover that his car was gone.

(Он вошел в гараж и обнаружил,
что машина исчезла.)	1—► !

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Функция

8. Вводные фразы (Parentheses)

to begin with, to be quite frank, to be sure, to tell the truth, to be exact, to make a long story short, strange to say

•Примеры

To be quite frank, I don’t like this idea. To tell the truth, it’s my fault.

He was, strange to say, an ordinary chap.

Формы герундия

Время	Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Indefinite	doing	being done
Perfect	having done	having been doneлм
С р а в н и т е :
Excuse me for	giving you so much trouble,	(действие в настоящем) ‘
Excuse me for	having given you so much trouble, (действие в прошлом)

He was proud of winning so often. (Он гордился тем, что часто выигрывая.) Не was proud of having won the game. (Он был горд тем, что выиграл.)

За п о м н и т е :

1.После глаголов forget, remember, She forgot telling me about it. thank, deny, excuse, regret для выра­ I don’t remember ever seeing him.

жения прошлого действия употреб­ They regret going there.

ляется Indefinite Gerund	Excuse me for coming without calling
	first.

2. После глаголов want, require, need, deserve и прилагательного worth упот­ ребляется Active Gerund, хотя значе­ ние пассивное

The grass needs cutting. (Травку нуж­ но постричь.)

The camera wanted adjusting. (Каме­ ру нужно было установить (отрегу­ лировать))

The child deserves praising. (Ребенок заслуживает, чтобы его похвалили.] The film is worth seeing. (Фильм сто­ ит посмотреть.)

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