Grammar_in_tablesA

Утвердительная форма

I started the lecture an hour ago.

They enjoyed the film yesterday.

It rained a lot last sum­ mer.

We had a lovely time at the party.

Вопросительная форма

Did you start the lecture an hour ago?

Did they enjoy the film yesterday?

Did it rain a lot last sum­ mer?

Did you have a lovely time at the party?

Случаи употребления

—------^ ‘wyv.-y*. ------------- 1

Отрищ^едц^я форма

1 didn’t start the lecture an hour ago.

They didn’t enjoy the film yesterday.

It didn’t rain a lot last sum­ mer.

We didn’t have a lovely time at the party.

1. Действия, события, факты	He left yesterday. We met last year.
в прошлом, не связанные с	I saw the film long ago.
настоящим моментом.
2. Последовательность действий	I came home, opened the door and switched
при описании событий в про­	on the TV-set.
шлом; обычные, повторяющи­
еся действия в прошлом.
3. Действие, которое длилось	Yesterday I walked in the park for two hours.
некоторое время и было за­	He studied hard for six years to become a
кончено в прошлом. Важен	doctor.
факт, но не процесс.	How long did you live in London?
	С р а в н и т е :
	I was walking in the park at two o ’clock yes­
	terday.
	He was studying from six till ten (all day long)
	yesterday.

Обстоятельства времени:

ago, last week (month, year), the other day (на днях), yesterday, the day before yesterday, etc.

З а п о м н и т е :

used to/would употребляются для выражения регулярных действий и состо­ яний в прошлом, которые больше не существуют.

We used to walk to school, but now we go by metro. She used to be very bossy, but not now.

When I was little, my mother would tell me a bedtime story.

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Past Progressive (Continuous)

was/were + Present Participle

Утвердительная форма

	I
	he	was	reading
	she
	it
	we	1
	you	> were	reading
	they	J

I was reading a new magazine.

He was sleeping.

They were talking about sport.

Вопросительная форма

’	1
Was	he		reading?
	she
.	it
1 We		1	reading?
Were <	you	>
1	they	j

Were you reading a new magazine?

Was he sleeping?

Were they talking about it?

Случаи употребления

Отрицательная форма

I		was not _	л.
he
she		(wasn’t)	S
it	,
we	j	were not	.. .
^		(werei-t)	. 1

I wasn’t reading a news­ magazine.

He wasn’t sleeping.
They weren’t talking	:■
about sport.

j

	1. Действие, происходившее в	You were still sleeping when I left.
	определенный момент в про­	She was having tea at five o’clock yesterday. 5
	шлом.	- 11	■f
	2. Действие, происходившее в
		This time last year I was resting in the South.?
	определенный период времени	She said she was writing a new novel.
	в прошлом.	j	;
	3. Эмоционально окрашенные	He was constantly talking about football.
	действия (обычно негативного	They were always telling me about their prob­
	характера).	lems.	, ;
		The boys were fighting all the time!	,
	4. Два одновременных дей ­	While I was cooking supper, Kate was having
	ствия в прошлом.	a shower.
		My father never talked while he was driving.

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Past Perfect

had + Past Participle

Утвердительная

	форма
I	’ arrived
we	examined
you	passed
they	had done
he	gone
she	written
it ,	cost

Вопросительная				Отрицательная
	форма			форма
'	I	arrived...?	I			’ arrived
	we	examined...?	we			examined
	you	passed...?	you	had	int	passed
Had	>they	done...?	they	IlflU	llvl	done
				*(hadn’t)
	he	gone...?	he			gone
	she	written...?	she			written
j	it	cost...?	it	,		cost

The police	had arrived	Had the police arrived be­	The police hadn’t arrived
before the	robber es­	fore the robber escaped?	before the robber escaped.
caped.		Had you done the work by	I hadn’t done the work by
I had done the work by		nine o’clock?	nine o’clock.
nine o’clock.

Случаи употребления

1. Действие, которое произошло	I remembered that I had met him be7
раньше другого действия или момен­	fore.
та в прошлом.	She had cleaned the flat by five o’clock.

2.Действие, которое началось до ка­ I knew they hadn’t seen each other for кого-то момента в прошлом и все many years.

еще продолжалось в тот момент. (С They had owned the house for twenty

глаголами, не имеющими формы years already, when they decided to sell Continuous: be, have, see, hear, know, it.

understand, realize, like, hate, love, believe, own, possess.)

3.Действие, которое уже заверши­ She had done the work and was speak­ лось в прошлом, а второе действие ing on the phone.

все еще находилось в процессе.	The rain had stopped and the sun was
	shining.

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Past Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

had been + Present Participle

Утвердительная форма

I you we

he had (’d) been doing she

it they)

I had been doing this work for a long time when I decided to have a break. At last he found the keys he had been looking for since morning.

Вопросительная форма

1 you

we

Had he been doing? she

it they]

Had you been doing this work for a long time when you decided to have a break?

Had he been looking for his keys long before he found them?

Случаи употребления

Отрицательная форма

I you

we

he had not (hadii’i)

been doing ^

she it they

I hadn’t been doing fhi! work for a long timfr}vd|et I decided to have a-biitk

He hadn’t been iQpHpi for his keys for aiil long time before hejl them.

1. Действие, которое началось до оп­	They had been driving all night wltei
ределенного момента (или действия)	they saw the lights of the city	5*
в прошлом и все еще продолжалось
в этот момент.		-ax-
2. Действие, которое началось до оп­	It smelt deliciok^Jp1the kitchen. .<§4;
ределенного момента (или действия)	mother had been making jam.
в прошлом, только что закончилось,
и результат этого действия очевиден.

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Future Progressive (Continuous)

shall/will be + V-ing (Present Participle)

+

3 '. *	1 shall/will (’11) be watching
' i T	1
j i№	wffl(’U) be watching
I she
it
they

We’ll be watching the news at nine o’clock tonight.

The children will be sleeping when you come.

Shall	J	| be watching?
	you	’
Will	he
	’ she -	be watching?
	it
	they

Shall we be watching the news at nine o’clock tonight?

Will the children be sleeping when you come?

Случаи употребления

	—
I	| shall not (shan’t)	f .	,.
we	J will not (won’t)	{	a c in®

you he

she will not (won’t) be watching it

they,

We shan’t be watching the news at nine o’clock tonight.

The children won’t be sleeping when you come.

1. Действие в процессе в определенный момент в буду­	At this time next week I shall/will be flying to London.
щем.	In an hour we	shall/will be celebrating Mike’s birthday.
2. Действие, которое говорящий предвидит в будущем.	I must go now or my mother will be worrying about me.
	.a .	her about love again. \
		>2,0.-I j -

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Future Simple (Indefinite)

shall/will + инфинитив (без частицы to)

			4-
	1	1 shall/will (Ml) {		b® here
	we	j	I	phone you
	you
	he	will(’U)		be here
	she
				phone you
	it
	they
	I’D	visit	you tomorrow.
	She	will	help us.

They will discuss the question next week.

■>

•

«hall	J	I	I	be here?
	1	we	J	phone you?
	(	you
Will	|	he		be here?
		she
				phone you?
		it
		they
Shall I visit you tomorrow?
Will she help		us?

Will they discuss the question next week?

Случаи употребления

—

I 1 shall not (shan’t) f be here we J will not (won’t) \ phone you

you he

she ■will not (won’t) be here it phone you

they ,

I shan’t (won’t) visit you tomorrow. She won’t help us.

They won’t discuss the question next week.

Единичные и повторяющиеся действия в будущем. We shall meet at five o’clock tomorrow. My students will have tests every month. It will be cold tomorrow.

Обстоятельства времени:

tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, one o f these days (на днях), next week (month, year), in the near future, soon, as soon as possible, some day, in an hour

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Future Perfect Progressive (Continuous)

shall/will have beeD + V-ing (Present Participle)

+

1

?

—

Shall

|

^

|

have been living?

I

Гshall not

(shan’t)

1 .

.

. . .

l e

{ (w ill™ }

we

( will not (won’t)

J

8

have bce" IM"g

you

you

you

he

have been living Will

he

have been living?

he

will not

(won’t)

have been

living

she

will(’ll)

she

she

it

it

it

they

.

they .

they

We shall (will) have been living in Mos­ cow for ten years next September.

Shall we have been living in Mos­ cow for ten years next September?

We shan’t (won’t) have been living in Moscow for ten years next September.

Случаи употребления

Действие, которое началось в прошлом, длилось не­ который период времени и будет находиться в процес­ се вплоть до определенного моментам будущем, вклю­ чая его.

I shall have been staying at this hotel for a week next Sunday. They will have been working for this firm for twenty years next May.

Видовременные формы глагола в действительном залоге: Future Perfect

shall/will have + V3	1

	I	J shall(’U) / will	have	| done
	we			j finished
	you
	he	will(’ll)	have	done
	she
				finished

it they,

I’ll have finished my work by two o’clock tomorrow.

He’ll have written the programme by the time the meeting begins. They’tthave got my fax by morning.

	Shall	(le) have		done?
				finished?
		you
		he		done?
	Will	she	have
				finished?
		it

they

Shall 1 have finished my work by two o’clock?

Will he have written the programme by the time the meeting begins? Will they have got my fax by morning?

I	\ shall not (shan’t))		.	f	done
we	J will not	(won’t) j		t	finilished
you
he	will not	(won’t)	have		done
she
					finished
it

they

I shan’t (won’t) have finished my work by two o’clock.

He won’t have written the programme by the time the meeting begins.

They won’t have got my fax by morning.

Случаи употребления

Действие, которое закончится до определенного момента	She will have learnt the news before she gets this letter.
в будущем.	They will have passed the exams by June.
	My friends will have left by then.

..y by nQWj Jty the end of the year..., by the time he comes.

Другие способы выражения будущего времени в английском языке

Способ	Случаи употребления
to be going io +	Злтаънуфъ'йгмчсл дейстаиг
инфинитив	в ближайшем будущем.

	Примеры
Sht,»	%t>vng teSH hvm
truth.	are going to buy a
They

computer.

2. Present Запланированное действие Progressive в ближайшем будущем, как правило, с глаголами дви­ жения (to come, to leave, to start, to arrive, to fly, etc.)

I am leaving for Sochi to­ day.

He is coming to dinner on Saturday.

We are starting at noon. They are arriving at five o’clock.

3. Present Запланированное действие Simple в соответствии с расписа­ нием, графиком, програм­

мой.

4. Модальный глагол to be to + инфинитив

Действие, которое должно быть выполнено в ближай­ шее время по договорен­ ности.

The bus starts at 6.30. The lecture begins in five minutes.

We are to meet after lunch. I am to go back at once, my friend is waiting for me;

Who is to До Vne topping today?

Времена Simple (Indefinite)

Present Simple

+

v -

I

we

live do/don’t live

you they

he

she lives does/doesn’t live it

Past Simple

+

v -

V-ed (V2)*

lived

came

did (didn’t) live

went saw

		Future Simple
	+		v -
	will (shall)	live	will (shall)	1 Uve
			won’t (shan’t) J

will live

will/won’t live

always, as a rule, every day (week, ...), ever, never, generally, occasionally, often, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually

ago, last week (year, ...), yesterday, in 1066, the other day

tomorrow, next week (month, ...), soon, in afew days, one o f these days, the coming weekend