- •Vocabulary 138
- •Electric current serves lis in a thousand ways
- •Exercises
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Exercises
- •Lightning
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Magnetism
- •Exercises
- •Idioms early history
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Lomonosov
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Volta's short biography
- •Electric current
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •What is heat?
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electric circuit
- •Voltmeter
- •Conductors and insulators
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Insulator surface treatment
- •Electromotive force and resistance
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •Heating effect of an electric current
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •III. Complete the following sentences:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Translate the following word combinations:
- •VI. Define the meaning of the prefixes in the following words, translate them:
- •IX. Translate tfie following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •X. Read and retell the following text.
- •If there were no electricity
- •XI. Speak on the heating effect of an electric current.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of tfie word that
- •V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions and form sentences with the following infinitives: -
- •VII. Compare:
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences, paying atten- tion to the words in bold type:
- •IX. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
- •X. Give a short summary of the text.
- •XI. Look at Fig. 9 and describe Oersted's discovery.
- •XII. Describe fig. 10.
- •VI. Read the following abbreviations:
- •VII. Define the following terms:
- •IX. Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in columns I and II:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Define the following terms:
- •V. (a) Choose the right term; (b) explain the statement:
- •VI. Translate the following sentences:
- •VII. Translate the following text:
- •VIII. Retell the text.
- •Transformers
- •3 Single-pnase transformers stepping generator voltage up to 275.000 volts
- •2300 To 230 volt
- •2300 Volt motor
- •230 Volt induction motor
- •Transmission system
- •IV. Form as many words as possible using suffixes and prefixes. Define what parts of speech the new words are and translate them:
- •V. Form nouns from the following words using suitable suffixes:
- •VI. Translate the following word combinations:
- •VII. Arrange the following words and expressions in pairs of a) synonyms, b) antonyms:
- •IX. Compare:
- •X. Translate the following text:
- •XI. Retell the text
- •IV. Translate the following sentences using the Passive Voice:
- •V. Form sentences according to the models given below:
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Define the following terms:
- •VI. Form six sentences using the following nouns quali- fied by adjectives:
- •VII. Translate the following text:
- •VIII. Describe Fig. 15.
- •IV. Translate the following sentences:
- •V. Translate the following sentences:
- •VII. Give a heading to each paragraph of the text. Explain why you have given such a heading.
- •VIII. Speak on:
- •IX. Translate the following text:
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Exercises
- •IV. Translate the following words and word-combinations:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Speak on the possible uses of solar energy.
- •IX. Read and retell the following story;
- •1. Energy
- •2. Electric fish
- •4. Surface tension
- •5. Electric meter
- •7. Refrigerator
- •10. Electron theory
- •11. Thermocouple and photocell
- •12. Electric lamp
- •13. Faraday's discovery
- •15. Steam turbine
- •16. Units of measurement
- •17. Plasma generator
- •18. Laser
- •19. Semiconductors
- •20. Steam power station
- •21. Hydroelectric power station
- •22. Current flow
- •23. Gases, solids, liquids and plasma
- •Idioms, Conjunctional and Prepositional Phrases
- •Vocabulary
- •Impulse wheel ['impals ,wi:l] активная турбина
What is heat?
What makes one thing hot and another cold? What do the terms "hot" and "cold" really mean?
Scientists are known to have worked for a long time to find an answer to the last question. They decided at last that the manifestation of heat was caused by a weightless substance or fluid called "caloric" which flowed from a hot body to a cold one. However, experience showed that certain heat effects could not be explained by the above theory, namely: the development of heat owing to friction as well as the temperature changes during the compression or expansion of a gas.'
Lomonosov was the first to state that heat phenomena were due to molecular motion. His statement proved to be correct years after his death.
At present, we know heat to be a form of energy. Besides, we are quite familiar with the fact that all substances are made up of little particles called molecules. These are so minute that a single drop of water, for example, is assumed to have millions of them. Although a drop of water left on the table may seem to be at rest, everyone of its molecules is really moving about, colliding with other molecules, pushing them, and changing direction. Of course, while one molecule is travelling, all the other millions of molecules in the drop of water are doing the same thing.
What process takes place when we place a kettle full of cold water on the fire, in other words, when we want to heat water? The molecules begin to move much faster then, so that every time there is a collision, they jump away from each other much farther than they did before. As a result, the drop of water becomes larger, that is to say, it expands. In scientific language this property is called expansion.
The faster molecular movement makes the water first warm and then hot. On taking the kettle from the fire, we expect the molecules to slow down, and indeed the water begins to get cold. When our tea is said to be "hot" it really means that its molecules are travelling very fast. On the contrary, they are moving more slowly, when the tea is cold.
Although heat and temperature arc certainly connected it is necessary to understand the difference between them. To show that similar quantities of heat may produce different effects in different substances is not difficult at all. Placing a needle on the fire at the same time as a kettle of cold water, we find that the needle is red-hot before there is any marked difference in the water temperature.
One must say here that a red-hot needle receives far less heat than a kettle full of boiling water but its temperature is nevertheless much higher. On the other hand, if we place it in the boiling water, although the latter is certain to possess far more heat than the former, the needle gives up heat to the water and not vice versa. When two bodies at different temperatures are brought into contact, we expect the warmer body to get cold while the colder one will be warmed. In this case, heat is said to flow from one body to the other by con-duct ion.
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As for expansion caused by heating, it is useless and even dangerous in some cases while in others one cannot do without it. For example, to measure temperature we employ a thermometer, that is the instrument based on the expansion of bodies when heated..