Active Words and Expressions

battery, to change, chemical, to drive, to employ, ener­gy, generator, in its turn, kinetic, kind, potential, to pro­duce, source, semiconductor, station, to turn

Exercises

/. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle:

1. The girl is finishing her work. 2. The work is being finished by the girl. 3. The girl finishing her work is my sister. 4. Finishing her work, the girl spoke to her friend.

5. The work having been finished, the students went home.

6. Having finished her work, the girl went for a walk.

7. Having been finished in time, the work was given to the teacher. 8. My brother finished his work, his friend having helped him.

//. Find the participle in the text and define its function.

Ш. Compare (a) and (b) paying attention to the partici­ple.

Model:

(a) Having brought the die- (b) The dictionaries having

tionaries from the library, the been brought from the library,

students began to translate the the students began to translate

article. the article.

1. Having finished my translation, I gave it to the teach­er.

2. the translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.

1. Having finished the experiment, the students left the laboratory.

2. The experiment having been finished, the students

left the laboratory.

(a) The professor delivering the lecture is a famous Soviet scientist.

(b) The professor delivering the lecture, the students listened to him with great interest.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the absolute participle construction:

1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic energy. 2. Water falling from its raised position, energy is changed from potential to kinetic energy. 3. My friend was reading an English article, his brother watching television. 4. Electrical devices find a wide appli­cation in every house, a refrigerator being one of them. 5. There being a hydroelectric station at the waterfall, the energy of the falling water is used to drive the turbines. 6. The energy sources of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy. 7. There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all forms of energy. 8. In­dustrial applications of energy increasing, more and more energy is needed every year:

V. Translate the following sentences:

1. Падающая вода может приводить в действие турбину. 2. Говоря об энергии, мы могли бы упомянуть потенциаль­ную и кинетическую энергию. 3. Работая в лаборатории, студент пользовался электрическими приборами. 4. Про­читав второй урок, мы начали переводить его. 5. Химические источники тока находят ограниченное применение в про­мышленности.

VI. Give short answers to the following questions:

1. Can one form of energy be changed into another form? 2. Does a generator produce mechanical energy? 3. Is the sun an unlimited source of energy? 4. Can we employ solar energy directly? 5. Have scientists transformed solar energy into electric energy? 6. Is potential energy the energy of motion?

7. Do' we need more and more electric energy every year?

8. Are there various forms of energy? 9. Do yoti use electric energy every day? 10. Can the energy of falling water be used to drive turbines? 11. Is kinetic energy the energy of posi­tion?

VII. Form questions for the following short answers:

Model: Is the sun an unlimited source of energy? — Yes,

_{it is.}

1. Yes, he does.

2. No, we do not.

3. No, they cannot.

4. Yes, I did.

5. No, it is not.

6. _{No, there are not.}

7. _{Yes, she must.}

8. _{Yes, there i&}

9. No, you may not. 10. Yes, I shall.

VIII. State the energy change that takes place in each of the following devices:

Model: The motor changes electrical energy into mechan­ical energy.

1. generator, 2. lamp, 3. battery, 4. washing machine, 5. electric furnace, 6. vacuum cleaner, 7. semiconductor

IX. Describe Fig. I.

_{X. Retell the text.}

^{LESSON THREE}

_{THE PARTICIPLE}

_{ATOMIC ENERGY}

A man trying to see a single atom is like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the sea while he is flying high above it. He will see th£ sea made up of a great many drops of water but he certainly will not be able to see a single drop. By the way, there are so many atoms in the drop of water that \\ one could count one atom a second, day and night, it would take one hundred milliard years. But that is certainly impossible.

16

_{7 10}

₆₀₀

sources (in К cal).

Man has, however, learned the secret of the atom. He has learned to split atoms iri- order to get great quantities of energy. At present, coal is the most im­portant fuel and our basic source of energy. It is quite possible that some day coal and other fuel may be replaced by atomic energy. Atomic energy replacing the present sources of energy the latter will probably _uJind various new applications. As for coal, it is npt only a fuel and it will therefore never lose its impor­tance. We cannot do without it and it may find some other im­portant applications. For exam­ple, coal will bemused to get various products. \ The nuclear reactor will pos­sibly be one of the reliable Fig. 2. World's thermal power

"furnaces" producing atomic en­ergy. Being used to produce

energy, the reactor produces it in the form of heat. In other words, atoms splitting in the reactor, heat is developed. Gas, water, melted metals, and some other liquicK circulat­ing through the reactor carry that heat away. The heat may be carried to pipes'of the steam generator con idining water. The reislilting steam drives a turbine, the turbine in its turn driving an electric generator. So, we see that a nuclear power station is like any other power station but the familiar coal-burning furnace is replaced by a nuclear one. However, a ton of uranium (nuclear fuel) can give us as much energy as 2.5 to 3 million tons of coal.

The first industrial nuclear power station in the world was constructed in Obninsk not far from Moscow in 1954. It has already been working for many years. One may mention here that the station in question was put into operation two years earlier than the British one and three and a half years earlier than the American nuclear power stations. -

Speaking of the peaceful uses of atomic energy in the USSR, one can also mention the Beloyarskaya nuclear power р1ягт named after academician Kurchatov. one of the found­ers of the Soviet atomic industry. There are two reactors and three turbines at the Beloyarskaya nuclear power plant. The first reactor supplies energy to one turbine and has a capacity of 100,000 kilowatts, the second one generating steam to drive two turbines of 100,000 kilowatts each. The energy generated by the above plant is supplied to the Urals industrial enterprises and transmitted to Central Russia

Soviet scientists and_engineers achieved a nuclear super­heating of steam directly in the reactor itself. By the way, such a nuclear super-rieating of steam directly in the react­or before it is carried into the turbine was achieved for the first time in the world. It is certainly an important con-iribitiioh to nuclear engineering.

We might mention here another important achievement, that is, the first nuclear installation where thermal energy generated in the reactor is transformed directly into electric energy.

Active Words and Expressions

achievement, atomic, coal, to construct, to contain, con­tribution, in questtpn, installation, in the form oF nucleat peaceful, power station, to put into operation, reactor, reli­able, steam