Industrial revolution

[1] Industrial Revolution is a process of transferring from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. The most important of the changes that led to the first Industrial Revolution were (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools; (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, instead of the muscles of human beings and of animals; (3) the development of the factory system of manufacture.

[2] The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 18th century with two inventions in the textile industry. In 1733, John Kay devised the flying shuttle¹. It enabled one person to handle a wide loom more rapidly than two persons could operate it before. 31 years later, James Hargreaves designed the spinning jenny² for making yarn. It enabled one worker to run eight spindles³ instead of one. These inventions completely transformed the textile industry, in which almost no change had occurred for thousands of years.

[3] While textile machinery was developing, progress was being made in other directions. In 1763, James Watt, a Scottish mechanic, was asked to repair a model of a Newcomen’s steam engine. He saw how crude and inefficient it was and by a series of improvements made it a practical device for running machinery.

Wheels turned by running water had been the chief source of power for the early factories. These were necessarily situated on swift-running rivers. When the steam engine became efficient, it was possible to locate factories in more convenient places.

The first users of steam engines were the coal and iron industries. They were destined to be basic industries in the new age of machinery. As early as 1720, many steam engines were in operation. In coal mines, they pumped out the water, which usually flooded the deep shafts. In the iron industry, they pumped water to create the draft⁴ in blast furnaces⁵.

[4] The adoption of the new inventions went hand in hand with the rapid development of the factory system of manufacture. The new methods increased the amount of goods produced and decreased the cost of production.

The factory system changed people's way of life. Labor became a commodity. Farm laborers and artisans flocked to the manufacturing centers and became industrial workers. Cities grew rapidly, and the percentage of farmers in the total population declined. By 1850, most Englishmen were laboring in industrial towns and Great Britain had become the workshop of the world.

[5] From Britain, the Industrial Revolution spread gradually throughout Western Europe and to the United States. However, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, only a small number of industries in the most industrialized nations of the world had adopted advanced methods of production and labor organization. Much of the world had not yet begun a first industrial revolution. Russia, Canada, Italy, and Japan were just beginning to industrialize.

Only Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, and some Scandinavian countries had successfully completed an industrial revolution. China, India, and Spain began to industrialize only in the 1950s-60s. Most of the world's population still works in primitive agricultural economies.

Notes: 1) flying shuttle – челнок [ткацкого станка]

2) spinning jenny – прядильная машина периодического действия

3) to run a spindle – управлять веретеном

4) draft – тяга

5) blast furnace – доменная печь

Ex.10. Перепишите и письменно переведите 4 и 5 абзацы текста.

Ex.11. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы, выбрав правильный вариант(ы).

1) What was one of the most important changes that led to the first Industrial Revolution?

a) rapid development of the coal and iron industries

b) the invention of the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny and the steam engine

c) movement of people from farms to the manufacturing centers

2) When did James Hargreaves design the spinning jenny for making yarn?

a) in 1733

b) in 1763

c) in 1764

3) Why had the early factories been necessarily located on swift-running rivers before the steam

engine was invented?

a) because water wheels had been the chief source of power for the early factories

b) because it had been cheaper and more convenient to construct the early factories near

rivers

c) because all the manufacturing cities had been situated on swift-running rivers

4) What branches of industry were the first users of steam engines?

a) the textile industry

b) the rail industry

c) the coal industry

5) What were the first steam engines used for in coal mines?

a) for pumping water in order to create the draft in blast furnaces

b) for pumping water out of the deep shafts

c) for pumping air into the deep shafts

6) When did China, India, and Spain begin to industrialize?

a) at the beginning of the 20^th century

b) in the middle of the 20^th century

c) at the end of the 20^th century

Ex.12. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите полученные высказывания.

1) Industrial Revolution is a process of a) the percentage of farmers in the total

transition from… population declined.

2) The flying shuttle invented by John Kay… b) were in operation in coal mines and at

metallurgical works.

3) The steam engine developed by Newcomen c) was used for running machinery installed

and improved by James Watt in 1763… at factories and in coal mines.

4) As early as 1720, many steam engines… d) an agrarian economy to an industrial one.

5) The factory system of manufacture… e) had used advanced methods of production

and labor organization.

6) As many farm laborers and artisans flocked f) enabled one person to handle a wide loom

to the manufacturing centers and became more rapidly than two persons could

industrial workers… operate it before.

7) By the outbreak of World War I, only g) increased the amount of goods produced

the U.S., Great Britain, Germany, France, and decreased the cost of production.

and some Scandinavian countries…

В А Р И А Н Т 2

Ex.1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

1) Balance sheet is a statement of how much money [to come in – Present Perfect Active] and how much [to go out – Present Perfect Active] the company’s accounts.

2) The business day was in high gear: the mail [to look through – Past Continuous Passive], the documents [to type – Past Continuous Passive], letters [to answer – Past Continuous Passive], and talks [to hold – Past Continuous Passive].

3) In Germany, there [to be – Past Indefinite Active] hyperinflation throughout 1923 and by the end of that year, prices [to increase – Past Perfect Active] one million times in comparison with their pre-war level.

4) As technologies [to become – Present Continuous Active] more complex, the demand for education as well as for the number of qualified specialists [to grow – Present Continuous Active] nowadays.

5) The motto “In God We Trust” first [to appear – Past Indefinite Active]on a two-cent coin in 1864 at the suggestion of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase.

Since 1955, this motto [to inscribe – Present Perfect Passive] on all United States money, including paper currency.

Ex.2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be allowed to, to be able to, to be to, to have to. Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов и соответствующие им варианты перевода.

1) A standard set of financial statements is to be prepared by the end of each fiscal year.

2) Italy suffered enormous damage during World War II, and its economy was a shambles. After the war, the country was able to rebuild the economy with the assistance of the Marshall Plan and through membership in the Organization of European Economic Cooperation.

3) According to the law, it is not allowed to use as a trademark the flag of a foreign country or the name of a living person without his permission.

4) We were to leave for England on Saturday but because of the delay with our visas, we had to buy tickets for Monday.

5) We shall have to reduce our overhead expenses; it will lead to job losses in some departments – an unpleasant fact, but the end justifies the means.

Ex.3. Выберите модальный глагол или его эквивалент из предложенных вариантов. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Though she was a good economist, she не могла find a job.

a) could not b) is not able to c) will be not allowed to d) cannot

2) The plant пришлось increase the wholesale prices for its goods.

a) had to b) must c) was able to d) is allowed to

3) Members of OPEC должны sell oil at the same price.

a) should b) are to c) has to d) are allowed to

4) Under high inflation, companies не нужно rely on the rapid growth of their returns.

a) are not allowed to b) were not able to c) may not d) don’t have to

5) The firm может obtain a credit only if it provides some guarantees.

a) is to b) may c) are able to d) should

Ex.4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия [Gerund].

1) In the last 30 years of the 19^thcentury, consumer prices decreased by almost half in the USA as the expansion of railroad network and advances in industrial technology resulted inreducingproduction and transportation costs.

2) Investors are those individuals or organizations who make financial contributions to firms for the purpose of earningprofit.

3) This firm’s business activity was prohibited because of illegal usingfamous trademarks formarketingits low-quality goods.

4) Sellingandbuyingforeign currency is usually carried out at exchange offices at the rate set by a bank.

5) Workers and employees of European countries sometimes protest against closing enterprises, decreasing wages, increasing taxes by organizing demonstrations and strikes.

Ex.5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ing-формы. Подчеркните Participle I одной чертой, Gerund – двумя.

1) The principal functions of the IMF are stabilizing currency exchange rates, financing the short-term balance-of-payments deficits of member countries, and providing advice and technical assistance to borrowing countries.

2) Takinginto account the high rate of inflation in the country, potential investors are interested inputtingtheir money in more dynamicallydeveloping companies.

3) In the USA, people earningless than $8,000 a year are exempted frompayingany taxes.

4) The word ‘subsidy’ is derived from the Latin ‘subsidium’ meaning‘reserve troops’ or ‘assistance’. Today, governments use subsidies – direct payments, economic concessions, tax incentives, or privileges – forprotectingcertain segments of the economy from competition or failure.

5) Although accounting is one of the oldest professions in the world, it took much time in order to find satisfactory methods of keepingfinance records.

Ex.6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ed-формы.

1) General Motors Co. supports many smaller manufacturing and service companies that provide the parts needed for making automobiles.

2) Economics is divided into two major branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics.

Macroeconomics studies the entire economy in terms of the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, level of employment of productive resources, and general behavior of prices.

Such issues as economic behavior of individual consumers, firms, and industries as well as the distribution of total income among them are studied by microeconomics.

3) The Industrial Revolution replaced many human workers with machines. As a result, inexpensive mass-produced goods replaced expensive handmade goods.

Ex.7. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) qualified specialists scarcity 6) accident insurance

2) heavy industry development 7) full-time worker

3) labor division principle 8) per capita income reduction

4) electricity consumption growth 9) cost and price difference

5) publicity agent 10) high-quality steel production

Ex.8. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) The study of economics is useful even to those students who [want] to become professional economists.

2) If you quit your job at 50, you [will get] your full pension.

3) A woman may work hard at home but she [receives] wages for this work therefore it[is labor] in terms of economics.

4) In earlier times, people who [could pay] their debts were often treated as defrauders and criminals.

5) We [managed] to deliver the ordered goods in time as we had some problems with transport.

Ex.9. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.