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10) What is the role of religion in society?

The function of religion in society, as it is generally (mis)understood, is that it provides answers to questions of our existence and how to conduct our lives in relationship to oneself as well as others. Another function of religion is that it prepares oneself for the supposed life hereafter. Many theists in modern society believe that, as another function of religion, the Bible has been a vital reference for the construction of our contemporary moral code and “law of the land.” If common law were governed by religious dogma such as the Bible, then we would still be practicing slavery, stoning people to death, etc. The basis for our moral behavior as a species is not influenced by any organized religion. If anything, I would say that our morality has evolved in spite of the Bible. This has been done through a constantly shifting Zeitgeist over history. We see this especially in issues such as sexism, racism, and slavery, all of which the Bible has at one point condoned.

11) What are manifest and latent functions? What is a dysfunction?

Manifest and latent functions are social scientific concepts first clarified for sociology by Robert K. Merton. Merton appeared interested in sharpening the conceptual tools to be employed in a functional analysis.

Manifest functions and dysfunctions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones the unconscious and unintended. While functions are intended (manifest) or unintended (latent), and have a positive effect on society, dysfunctions are unintended or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society.

Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. The manifest function of a rain dance, used as an example by Merton in his 1967 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual.

Functions

Latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor intended. A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or intended by the people involved. Thus, they are identified observers. In the example of rain ceremony, the latent function reinforces the group identity by providing a regular opportunity for the members of a group to meet and engage in a common activity.

Dysfunctions

Dysfunctions can also be manifest or latent. While functions are intended or recognized (manifest), and may have a positive effect on society, dysfunctions are unintended or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society.

Manifest dysfunctions are anticipated disruptions of social life. For example, a manifest dysfunction of a festival might include disruptions of transportation and excessive production of garbage. Latent dysfunctions are unintended and unanticipated disruptions of order and stability. In the festival example, they would be represented by people missing work due to the traffic jam.

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