- •Учереждение образования
- •I. Предмет дисциплины и цель обучения
- •1.1. Цель преподавания дисциплины.
- •1.2. Задачи изучения дисциплины.
- •1.3. Связь дисциплины с другими учебными дисциплинами.
- •1.4. Структура пособия.
- •1.5. Содержание итогового экзамена.
- •II. Учебно-методические указания по изучению дисциплины
- •2.1. Самостоятельная работа студентов.
- •2.2. Формы контроля за работой студентов.
- •Предисловие
- •Contents
- •English tenses (active voice)
- •The verb
- •1. The verb “to be”
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple tense
- •The past simple tense
- •Упражнения
- •Future simple
- •Упражнения
- •The past continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The present perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •I have already written the letter but I haven’t posted it yet.
- •The past perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future perfect tense
- •Упражнения
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The past perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения
- •The future perfect continuous tense
- •Упражнения на все видо-временные формы английского глагола
- •Специальный тест на временные формы глаголов
- •The passive voice
- •Cравнительная таблица глагольных форм в активном и пассивном залогах
- •Passive (present, past and future simple)
- •Passive (present, past and future perfect)
- •Reported speech and sequence of tenses
- •Say - tell
- •Вопросительные предложения Специальные вопросы
- •Общие вопросы
- •Повелительные предложения
- •Test on the reported speech
- •Условные предложения (conditional sentences)
- •If she knew English well she wouldn’t make a lot of mistakes.
- •Test on the conditional sentences
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II. Reading
- •Entering the Profession
- •Legal Profession
- •III. Discussion.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Reading
- •Laws and Customs
- •Aims of Law
- •Systems of Law
- •III. Discussion.
- •1. Crime. Causes of crime.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Crime. Causes of Crime
- •III. Discussion.
- •2. Punishment
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II. Reading
- •Criminal Punishment
- •Capital Punishment: for and against
- •III. Discussion.
- •Some tips
- •1.Civil Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Distinctions between Сriminal and Сivil Law
- •III. Discussion.
- •2.Contract Law.
- •I. Vocabulary notes.
- •II.Reading
- •Definition of a Contract
- •Offer, Acceptance and Consideration
- •III. Discussion.
- •3.Family Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II.Reading
- •Law and Family
- •Law of Divorce. Protection of Children
- •I. Discussion
- •4.Business Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes
- •II.Reading
- •Business Law and Business Crime
- •III. Discussion.
- •5. Tax Law.
- •I.Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Reading
- •Taxation and its principles. Kinds of taxes
- •III. Discussion.
- •Legal texts for reading. Law and Society
- •Solicitors
- •Barristers
- •Federal Bureau of Investigation, United States Department of Justice
- •Scotland Yard
- •Interpol
- •From the History of Punishment
- •Death Penalty
- •The Inmate’s Letter
- •World banking system is a 'money launderers' dream'
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes.
- •II. Discussion
- •I. Vocabulary notes
- •II. Dicsussion
- •Interesting quotations
- •Supplementary reading. The self and thinking
- •Are you happy being you?
- •Emotion
- •Competence
- •Characteristics of competent communicators.
- •How to tell when another person is lying. Nonverbal cues and the detection of deception.
- •How to help a depressed loved one.
- •A new way to look at death.
- •Bibliography
II.Reading
Text 1.
Definition of a Contract
A contract may be defined as a legally binding agreement between individuals or between a state and individual. This means that the agreement generates rights and obligations.
Contracts are classified into “contracts by deed” and “simple contracts”. The contract by deed must be in writing and must be signed, witnessed, and delivered. All other contracts may be classified as simple contracts, they are made in writing, orally or by conduct. Another way of classifying contracts is according to whether they are “bilateral” or “unilateral”.
There are three basic elements in the formation of a valid contract. First, the parties must have reached agreement (offer and acceptance); secondly, they must intend to be legally bound; and thirdly, both parties must have provided valuable consideration.
Today the courts recognize a contract as a promise that the parties to the contract must perform their obligations. So the courts may force persons to pay damages. Thus, contracts help strengthen the stability and reliability of the business system.
Task 1. Answer the questions:
What kind of agreement is a contract?
What is its function?
How can contracts be classified?
What are the three basic elements in the formation of a valid contract?
What do contracts serve for?
Task2. Complete the dialogue. Make use of its Russian variant if necessary.
A: Вы уже ознакомились с договорным правом?– Do you already know…… ?
B:Да. Теперь я хотел бы заключить с вами контракт. –Yes, I do. And now I’d like … with you.
A: Вы уполномочены заключать контракт? – Are you entitled … ?
B:Конечно. Наша компания уполномочила меня на это. –Certainly. I’m … to it by our company.
A:тогда прочитайте содержание контракта. Вы со всем согласны? –Then read the contract, please. Do you … everything?
B:Да. Я хотел бы подписать контракт сегодня. Но сначала я хотел бы узнать у Вас, можно ли расторгнуть этот контракт в одностороннем порядке. –Yes, I do. I’d like … today. But first I’d like … whether it is possible … unilaterally.
A:Да. Кроме того, это долгосрочный контракт. Но в случае нарушения контракта нарушитель платит неустойку. –Oh, yes. Besides, it is a … . But in case … the violator has to … .
B:Что касается нашей компании, то мы будем строго придерживаться условий контракта.– As to our company, we’re going to closely adhere to … .
A: Мы тоже. – So are we.
Task 3. Match the halves:
1. to conclude / make / form / enter into |
a. заключать |
2. to negotiate |
b.выполнять |
3. to ratify |
c.расторгать |
4. to carry out |
d.возобновить |
5. to abrogate |
e.аннулировать |
6. to cancel |
f.соблюдать |
7. to break / violate / breach |
g. нарушать |
8. to observe |
h.ратифицировать |
9. to renew |
i.обсуждать условия |
10. to sign |
j.подписывать |
Text 2.
Offer, Acceptance and Consideration
The offer must express the definite intention on the part of the person or organization mating it (called “the offeror”) to enter into the contract with the person or organization.
An offer must be clear and contain the details of the contract. The offeree may choose to accept or reject the offer but once it is accepted the contract is concluded and the parties are bound by its terms. An offer may be withdrawn or revoked by the offeror at any time as long as it has not yet been accepted by the offeree. Acceptance may be defined as an unconditional assent, communicated by the offeree to the offeror.
In addition to offer and acceptance and contractual intent, consideration is an essential element in the formation of any contract.
Task 1. Ask the questions:
what the offer expresses
what the difference between “the offeror” and “ the offeree” is
what an offer must contain
when the contract is considered to be concluded
if an offer may be withdrawn
what the acceptance is
if the offeree must accept the terms proposed by the offeror unconditionally
when the acceptance will be effective
what you have learnt about consideration
Task 2. Form the nouns:
to offer |
to communicate |
to choose |
to intend |
to propose |
to promise |
to organize |
to ignore |
to define |
to accept |
to consider |
to agree |
to reject |
to form |
to oblige |
to define |
to sign |
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Task3. Form collocations as they occur in the text:
express |
be defined |
contain |
be proposed |
accept |
to complete |
reject |
be supported |
ignore |
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