VI. Analyse the constructions Complex Subject with the Infinitive and Complex Object with the Infinitive. Translate the sentences.

1. I want you to know that he is getting much better. 2. As he wanted her to be a biologist he made her enter the University. 3. Some research workers of this laboratory are known to work at the same problem. 4. We all know him to be an honest man. 5. Substances are known to burn when they unite with the oxygen of the air. 6. Most of the bacteria recovered from marine bottom deposits prove to be anaerobes. 7. He believed plants to influence soil development. 8. Plant tissues are known to perish if deprived of light for a long period of time. 9. He found the enzymes to have played an important part in the building of that complex substance from a simple one. 10. I happen to be present at this experiment.

Find the sentences with the construction in the text and translate them.

VII. Translate the sentences into English, using words and expressions from the text.

1. Морган получил Нобелевскую премию в области физиологии и медицины в 1933 году.

2. Говорят, она уехала из города навсегда.

3. Потребовалось две недели, чтобы завершить эксперимент.

4. Он оказался в нужное время, в нужном месте.

5. Мутации могут быть вызваны многими факторами.

6. Говорят, они заставили его изменить решение.

7. К сожалению, они не смогли нам помочь.

8. Современные рептилии не очень отличаются от своих предков.

9. Он совершенно обычный человек, тот тип, который мы ежедневно встречаем на улице.

10. На развитие заболевания может влиять холод и физические нагрузки.

11. Я предпочитаю одежду, сшитую на заказ.

12. На заседании мы рассмотрели множество вопросов.

13. Эти растения имеют черты, по которым их легко узнать.

VIII. Here are the answers. What are the questions?

1. He noticed a fly with white eyes.

2. He had discovered a real mutation.

3. 15 million flies.

4. They have a great many clear, easy to recognize features.

5. Bananas and other simple food.

6. The Nobel Prize in medicine.

7. By X-rays or other treatment.

IX. Write a dictation.

In 1910 the professor of Columbia University Thomas Hunt Morgan, working in his laboratory noticed in one of his bottles a fly with white eyes. All the other flies had red eyes. He continued his observations and noticed that the flies bred from his white-eyed fly had also white eyes. Professor and his co-workers studied 15 million flies and made a new discovery that living things consist of genes which pass from one generation to another. Sometimes mutations may happen. Over many years mutations pile up and after a long period of time the offspring begins to have quite new genes that are different from their an­cestors.

X. Give the key words (phrases) to the text. Give the summary.

XI. Translate without a dictionary. Guess the mea­ning of unknown words from the context. Give the main idea of each paragraph:

1. In general, genes are very stable. They replicate exactly and remain unchanged from one generation to another. They are capable of undergoing change, how­ever, and these changes may result in modification of the gene's action. The geneticist recognizes this change in ac­tion in the phenotype. Once a mutation has taken place, the altered form of the gene is copied exactly, and if the change occurred in a germ cell or in a cell which will fi­nally give rise to germ cells, it may be inherited and beco­me a part of the genetic make-up of the population. The frequency with which mutations appear depends to some extent on environmental conditions. The study of muta­tions and how they arise can lead to a clearer understan­ding of what genes are and how they function. For these reasons it was indeed a great step forward when muta­tions in Drosophila were discovered.

2. With a good microscope, we can see that in the nucleus of every cell there are tiny particles that look like dots. These dots are made of a material called chromatin. The chromatin particles form threads. These are the threa­ds that are usually to be found coiled and twisted inside the nucleus. These threads of chromatin are called chro­mosomes and they contain genes.

There must be something in the chromatin that decides what the offspring is going to look like. You know, of course, that a person has many different traits or features. Whatever controls these traits must be packed into the microscopic nucleus. Scientists believe that there are tiny structures in the chromatin that control all the different traits. These structures, which are so small that they can­not be seen even under the microscope, are called genes.

Genes are extremely important. You have genes for all your body organs: for hair, skin and eye colour; for blood type and for intelligence. In fact, genes are res­ponsible for almost all the features that make you look different from anybody else. A single gene may even change your whole life. In the nucleus of every cell of your body there are about 20 000 genes all together, these genes do much to decide what you look like.

c) Scientists thought it would be interesting to make account of these chromosomes in the cell. It was found soon that each particular kind of animal or plant has its own definite number of chromosomes. Even the shape of each chromosome remains the same in all the cells. And when the cell divides, each chromosome divides lengthwise also. It divides in a manner that every gene in that chromosome also splits in two. In this manner, every cell in the body has the same number of chromosomes and the same gene.

TEXT 13.

Read and translate the following words:

variety, desirable, characteristics, nevertheless, possess, process, yield, quality, improvement, heredity, genetics, technique, require, important, discard, example, resistant, survive, severe, improve, superior, strain, procedure, row, refer to, progeny, parent, appearance, comparison.