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was maintained by fairly long current pulses of up to 10−3 ms; (ii) use was made of capillaries with open ends, through which the discharge current had been introduced, while the sink of the plasma generated under conditions of wall evaporation occurred in the form of plasma jets; (iii) the relative variation of the capillary diameter due to its burning out was small. Investigations have shown that the capillary discharge with evaporating wall allows the derivation of a quasistationary homogeneous plasma of desired chemical composition.

The capillary discharge with evaporating wall is characterized by a high level of temperatures at moderate pressures. Depending on the level of energy contribution, the nonideality parameter ranges from 0.5 to 1.25. The capillary discharge with evaporating wall was used to measure the spectral absorption factor of continuous radiation and the electrical conductivity.

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3

DYNAMIC METHODS IN THE PHYSICS OF NONIDEAL

PLASMA

The highest plasma parameters have been obtained by dynamic techniques (Fortov 1982) which permitted the realization, under controlled conditions, of record– high local concentrations of energy. These techniques are based on the accumulation of energy in the material under investigation either as a result of viscous dissipation in the front of shock waves which propagate throughout the material to cause its compression, acceleration, and irreversible heating, or as a result of adiabatic variation of pressure in the material. Without going into a detailed comparison between the electric and dynamic techniques, we shall emphasize that the high purity and homogeneity of the volume under investigation, the absence of electric and magnetic fields (hampering the diagnostics and causing the development of various instabilities in the plasma), the high reproducibility of results, and the possibility of attaining extremely high parameters render the dynamic techniques a convenient means for attaining and investigating the physical properties of highly nonideal plasma under extreme conditions. In addition, the application of the general laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy enables one to reduce (see Section 3.2) the recording of the thermodynamic characteristics of plasma to the registration of the kinematic parameters of the motion of shock discontinuities and interfaces (i.e., to the measurement of times and distances), which presents an additional important advantage of the dynamic techniques.

The use of shock waves in high–pressure physics enabled one to attain pressures of condensed matter of hundreds of thousands megapascals and, while so doing, perform extensive thermodynamic, optical, and electrophysical investigations (Altshuler 1965; Kormer 1968; Minaev and Ivanov 1976; Duvall and Graham 1977; Davison and Graham 1979). The use of such techniques in the physics of nonideal plasma (Fortov 1982) o ered possibility of considerably expanding the range of plasma pressures and temperatures to be investigated and made possible laboratory investigations of states with extremely high energy concentrations. Hence physical measurements in the regions of the phase diagram of matter, which used to be inaccessible to the traditional methods of plasma experiments, are possible.

In this chapter we shall consider three methods of dynamic generation of plasma, namely, shock and adiabatic compression and the method of adiabatic expansion of shock–compressed matter.

The shock compression technique appears most e ective from the standpoint

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