- •Brief contents of the course:
- •I. Grammar as a linguistic study
- •Two branches of grammar – morphology, syntax
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •II. Grammar form, meaning, category
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •III. Wordbuilding and wordchanging
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •IV. Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Additional reading
- •V. Analytical means of expression of grammar meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Аdditional reading
- •VI. Parts of speech and the principles of their classification
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •VII. Noun. The general description
- •Additional reading
- •VIII. Noun. The category of number
- •Additional reading
- •Practical Tasks:
- •IX. Noun. The category of case
- •X. Noun. The category of gender.
- •Additional reading
- •XI. Article, its role and function. The number of articles in English
- •Additional reading
- •XII. Adjectives. Their grammatical categories.
- •Categories of adjectives:
- •Substantivisation of adjectives
- •Adjectivisation of nouns
- •Additional reading
- •XIII. Adverbs. Classification of adverbs.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •Additional reading:
- •XV. Verb. The category of voice.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVI. Verb. The category of mood.
- •Additional reading
- •XVII. Verb. The categories of tense, aspect and time correlation.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVIII. Verb. The categories of person and number
- •Additional reading
- •The gerund
- •Additional reading
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXI. Pronouns
- •Additional reading
- •XXII. Numeral
- •Additional reading:
- •XXIII. Words of the category of state, statives
- •Additional reading
- •XXIV. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional Reading:
- •XXVIII. The notion of syntactic relations. Their main types.
- •Government
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXX. Semantic and pragmatic aspects of the sentence
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXI. The Structural aspect of the sentence
- •Glossary of lingustic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXII. The actual aspect of the sentence
- •Additional reading:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXV. Models of syntactic analysis. Parts of the sentence
- •The lady listened
- •Small to me attentively
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •XXXVI. The model of immediate constituents
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXVII. The distributional model
- •Glossary of lingustic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXX. Predicate
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXIII. Loose parts of sentence
- •Loose Attributes
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXIV. Complex, compound and
- •Intermediary types of sentences
- •The absolute construction
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXV. The composite sentence. Compound sentences
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXVI. Types of subordinate clauses
- •Subject clauses
- •Object clauses
- •Attributive clauses
- •Types of adverbial clauses
- •Causal Clauses
- •Conditional Clauses
- •Clauses of Result
- •Clauses of Purpose
- •Clauses of Concession
- •Other Types of Adverbial Clauses
- •Appositional clauses
- •Parenthetical clauses
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXVII. The problem of higher syntactical units
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Revision Tasks
- •Contents:
- •Bibliography
Additional reading
стр. 114-122
стр. 74-80
–
стр. 191-200
стр. 170-205
Practical tasks:
Comment on the oppositional reduction in the following sentence:
Model: Isn’t that kind of challenge you are always praying for? – The stylistic effect of something happening too often is brought about by the transpositional use of the strong member of the opposition (the continuous aspect) instead of its weak member (the simple aspect with habitual action).
A human being doesn’t live, but is lived.
XVI. Verb. The category of mood.
Mood is the category which expresses the relation of the action to reality, as stated by the speaker. The mood in English is expressed by the opposition of the indicative and a number of oblique (косвенных) moods.
The use of the indicative mood shows that the speaker presents this action as real. No matter how fantastic or imaginary the action is, the attitude of it of the speaker is reflected in the form of the predicate. In the clauses with “if” the meaning of the verb form is that it is real under a certain condition. This is the mood which includes all the tenses, because the other moods don’t need any indication of the time of the action, as we don’t speak of it as about the action which happened, is happening or will happen.
The imperative mood presents the action as recommended, addressed immediately to the second person. Its formal expression uses the infinitive without “to”, which is demonstrated by the verb “be” – Be quick! - Its negative form is expressed by “don’t”, which makes it different from the negative infinitive “not to be quick” – Don’t worry! - Imperative mood forms are used in a specific structure of sentences, imperative, which are characterized by the absence of subject. The use of “you” as a subject of the imperative sentences is stylistically marked – You get out of here! - One of the forms of imperative is that with a modal verb “let”, which in this case loses its meaning. This form of the imperative can be addressed to the first and third person – Let us meet. – Let him come. –
The subjunctive mood expresses suppositional or desired activity. It has several types of meanings, according to which types of subjunctive are named, and several means of expression.
Meaning |
Means of Expression |
1.Possibility (action thought of as conditionally possible, or as purpose of another action, etc.) |
(1) (he) come (no ending, no auxiliary) (2) should come (should for all persons) (3) may come (?) |
2.Unreal condition, unrealized wish |
came, had come (same as past or past perfect indicative), used in subordinate clauses |
|
|
3.Consequence of unreal condition would come /would have come The 1st type is known as “subjunctive 1” and is used with a certain list of verbs: sujesst, demand, recommend, insist etc. Also after some predicatives “it is + ajective”: it is necessory,
The |
|
|
The first type is known as subjunctive. It is used in that-clauses, when the main clause contains an expression of recommendation, resolution, demand (suggest, demand, recommend, insist, it is necessary, it is strange, it is advisable, etc).
- It is necessary that he should be informed of the rules. – It is necessary that he be informed of the rules.- Also it is used in the clauses of purpose after the conjunction “lest” – They covered the goods with canvas lest it (should) be damaged by rain.
The second type is known as “conditional”. It uses forms homonymous to Past Simple and Past Perfect. “Were” is used for all the persons instead of “was”. The forms have nothing to do with the time of the action, this action is only unreal condition. They express the degree of possibility of the action. It is used in conditional and concessive clauses and in subordinate clauses after verbs like “wish”. Instead of if-clause inversion can be used: Were I to see him tomorrow, I would ask him about it. – Had I seen him then, I would ask him about it.
The third type is called “modal subjunctive”. It uses in the main clauses analytical forms with modal verbs “would, might, could” + infinitive or perfect infinitive, it depends on the degree of possibility of the consequence of unreal condition. Those forms are different from the use of modal verbs in the indicative mood, because in the subjunctive the contracted forms can be used: If he did it, we’d know about it.
The fourth type can be called “formulaic subjunctive” it consists of the infinitive without “to”, but is only used in certain set expressions:
Come what may, we will go ahead.
God save the Queen!
Suffice it to say that …
Be that as it may …
Heaven forbid that …
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
indicative - изъявительное
imperative - повелительное
subjunctive - сослагательное
conditional clause – условное придаточное
concessive clause – уступительное придаточное
homonymous – омонимичный, совпадающий по форме
formulaic – шаблонный