- •Brief contents of the course:
- •I. Grammar as a linguistic study
- •Two branches of grammar – morphology, syntax
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •II. Grammar form, meaning, category
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •III. Wordbuilding and wordchanging
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •IV. Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Additional reading
- •V. Analytical means of expression of grammar meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Аdditional reading
- •VI. Parts of speech and the principles of their classification
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •VII. Noun. The general description
- •Additional reading
- •VIII. Noun. The category of number
- •Additional reading
- •Practical Tasks:
- •IX. Noun. The category of case
- •X. Noun. The category of gender.
- •Additional reading
- •XI. Article, its role and function. The number of articles in English
- •Additional reading
- •XII. Adjectives. Their grammatical categories.
- •Categories of adjectives:
- •Substantivisation of adjectives
- •Adjectivisation of nouns
- •Additional reading
- •XIII. Adverbs. Classification of adverbs.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •Additional reading:
- •XV. Verb. The category of voice.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVI. Verb. The category of mood.
- •Additional reading
- •XVII. Verb. The categories of tense, aspect and time correlation.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVIII. Verb. The categories of person and number
- •Additional reading
- •The gerund
- •Additional reading
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXI. Pronouns
- •Additional reading
- •XXII. Numeral
- •Additional reading:
- •XXIII. Words of the category of state, statives
- •Additional reading
- •XXIV. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional Reading:
- •XXVIII. The notion of syntactic relations. Their main types.
- •Government
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXX. Semantic and pragmatic aspects of the sentence
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXI. The Structural aspect of the sentence
- •Glossary of lingustic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXII. The actual aspect of the sentence
- •Additional reading:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXV. Models of syntactic analysis. Parts of the sentence
- •The lady listened
- •Small to me attentively
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •XXXVI. The model of immediate constituents
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXVII. The distributional model
- •Glossary of lingustic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXX. Predicate
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXIII. Loose parts of sentence
- •Loose Attributes
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXIV. Complex, compound and
- •Intermediary types of sentences
- •The absolute construction
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXV. The composite sentence. Compound sentences
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXVI. Types of subordinate clauses
- •Subject clauses
- •Object clauses
- •Attributive clauses
- •Types of adverbial clauses
- •Causal Clauses
- •Conditional Clauses
- •Clauses of Result
- •Clauses of Purpose
- •Clauses of Concession
- •Other Types of Adverbial Clauses
- •Appositional clauses
- •Parenthetical clauses
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXVII. The problem of higher syntactical units
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Revision Tasks
- •Contents:
- •Bibliography
Additional reading
стр. 87-41
стр. 22-25
–
стр. 64-69
стр. 111, 123-124
Practical Tasks:
5.To what numerical groups do the following nouns belong:
intelligence
feet
flames
trousers
crew
smoke
suburbs
IX. Noun. The category of case
Case is a morphological category of a noun showing its relations to other objects or phenomena, manifested in the noun declension.
There are four theories concerning the case system of English. The first is the ‘limited case theory’ and recognizes the system of two cases, the common, non-marked member of the opposition and possessive or genitive case, expressed by the suffix ‘s [-s, -z, -iz]. The genitive case of the bulk of the plural nouns is expressed only by the graphic sign of the apostrophe, phonetically unexpressed. The genitive case has several meanings:
the genitive of possessor: the manager’s desk – the diagnostic test is the transformation into a construction expressing the idea of possession – the desk belongs to the manager;
the genitive of integer (целое, неотъемлемая часть): the patient's health - the health as part of the patient's state;
the genitive of received qualification: the computer’s reliability – the reliability received by the computer;
the genitive of agent: the great man’s arrival – the great man arrives;
the genitive of author: Beethoven’s sonatas – Beethoven composed the sonatas;
the genitive of patient: the team’s defeat – the team is defeated;
the genitive of destination: children’s books – books for children;
the genitive of dispensed (распределенная) qualification: a girl’s voice – a voice characteristic of a girl;
the genitive of comparison: the lion’s courage – the courage like that of a lion;
the genitive of adverbial: yesterday’s newspaper – the newspaper issued yesterday;
the genitive of quantity: an hour’s delay – a delay which lasted an hour.
The limited case theory is most broadly accepted by linguists (O.Jespersen, A. Smirnitsky).
However, it is opposed by the theory, according to which English has lost all the cases in the course of its historical development. The genitive case is considered to be a noun with a postposition, as ‘s is only loosely connected with the noun and can be used with different ports of speech as well as with the whole word groups: somebody else’s daughter, the young moon’s light. Thus, ‘s is a syntactic means, a particle. Also, the ‘s construction is parallel to the preposition ‘of’ construction. Besides, the usage of this case is limited to animate nouns and a limited list of modifiers of time and place. However, the existence of clear opposition of the marked and non-marked member proves the correctness of this limited case system. The phrasal use of ‘s is stylistically marked, which shows its transpositional nature. As for parallelizm with the prepositional form, the latter doesn’t have the meaning of the subject: My Lord’s choice of the butler.
The third theory is the ‘theory of positional cases”. The unchangeable forms of the noun are differentiated as different cases by the functional positions in the sentence. Thus, we can distinguish one inflectional genitive case, and 4 non-inflectional: nominative, vocative, dative, and accusative. These cases are supported by the parallel cases of the personal pronouns: Rain falls – position of a subject, nominative case; Are you coming, children? – function of the address, vocative case; I gave John a penny – indirect object, the dative case; direct object, the accusative case. However, the invariable form doesn’t allow us to consider them to be different morphological forms. This only proves that the functional meaning rendered by case forms in inflectional languages, like Russian or Latin, can be expressed by other grammatical means, in particular, by word order.
The fourth theory is that of “prepositional cases”, according to which, the combinations of nouns with certain prepositions can be considered morphological case forms: dative – to, for; genitive – of, instrumental – by, with. But, if we follow this theory, every combination of a noun with a preposition can be considered another case, which will lead to redundancy in terminology.
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
declension - склонение
common case – общий падеж
genitive case – родительный падеж
possessor - обладатель
integer – неотъемлемая часть
received qualification – приобретенное свойство
agent – агенс, осуществляющий действие
patient – пациенс, ощущающий на себе действия
destination - адресат
dispensed qualification – качество, распространенное на предмет
comparison - сравнение
adverbial – относящийся к обстоятельству места или времени
quantity - количественный
limited case theory – теория ограниченных падежей
nominative - именательный
vocative - звательный
accusative - винительный
inflectional languages – языки, где слова изменяют форму при помощи окончаний
dative - дательный
instrumental – творительный
additional reading
стр. 41-47
стр. 25-27
–
стр. 70-82
стр. 111-112, 124-127, 130-132