- •Brief contents of the course:
- •I. Grammar as a linguistic study
- •Two branches of grammar – morphology, syntax
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •II. Grammar form, meaning, category
- •Glossary of Linguistic Terms
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •III. Wordbuilding and wordchanging
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •IV. Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Additional reading
- •V. Analytical means of expression of grammar meaning and their role in the modern English
- •Аdditional reading
- •VI. Parts of speech and the principles of their classification
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •VII. Noun. The general description
- •Additional reading
- •VIII. Noun. The category of number
- •Additional reading
- •Practical Tasks:
- •IX. Noun. The category of case
- •X. Noun. The category of gender.
- •Additional reading
- •XI. Article, its role and function. The number of articles in English
- •Additional reading
- •XII. Adjectives. Their grammatical categories.
- •Categories of adjectives:
- •Substantivisation of adjectives
- •Adjectivisation of nouns
- •Additional reading
- •XIII. Adverbs. Classification of adverbs.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •Additional reading:
- •XV. Verb. The category of voice.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVI. Verb. The category of mood.
- •Additional reading
- •XVII. Verb. The categories of tense, aspect and time correlation.
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XVIII. Verb. The categories of person and number
- •Additional reading
- •The gerund
- •Additional reading
- •Additional reading
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXI. Pronouns
- •Additional reading
- •XXII. Numeral
- •Additional reading:
- •XXIII. Words of the category of state, statives
- •Additional reading
- •XXIV. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional Reading:
- •XXVIII. The notion of syntactic relations. Their main types.
- •Government
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXX. Semantic and pragmatic aspects of the sentence
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXI. The Structural aspect of the sentence
- •Glossary of lingustic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXII. The actual aspect of the sentence
- •Additional reading:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXV. Models of syntactic analysis. Parts of the sentence
- •The lady listened
- •Small to me attentively
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •XXXVI. The model of immediate constituents
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXVII. The distributional model
- •Glossary of lingustic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXX. Predicate
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXIII. Loose parts of sentence
- •Loose Attributes
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXIV. Complex, compound and
- •Intermediary types of sentences
- •The absolute construction
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXV. The composite sentence. Compound sentences
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •XXXXVI. Types of subordinate clauses
- •Subject clauses
- •Object clauses
- •Attributive clauses
- •Types of adverbial clauses
- •Causal Clauses
- •Conditional Clauses
- •Clauses of Result
- •Clauses of Purpose
- •Clauses of Concession
- •Other Types of Adverbial Clauses
- •Appositional clauses
- •Parenthetical clauses
- •Glossary of linguistic terms:
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •XXXXVII. The problem of higher syntactical units
- •Glossary of linguistic terms
- •Additional reading:
- •Practical tasks:
- •Revision Tasks
- •Contents:
- •Bibliography
Additional reading:
1.стр. 15-27
2.стр. 4-14
–
стр. 20-29
стр. 45-64
Practical tasks:
3. Do the morphemic analysis of the following words:
resourceful, gardener's, red-bearded, take after
IV. Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meaning and their role in the modern English
The means used for building up member-forms of categorial oppositions are traditionally divided into synthetical and analytical, accordingly, the grammatical forms themselves are classed into synthetical and analytical. Synthetical gr.forms are realized by the inner morphemic composition of the word.
The number of morphemes used for deriving word-forms based on synthetic method are very few in English, as compared to Russian or German, and even French. They are called bound morphemes, as they can’t be used as separate words. In every language there is a limited list of bound morphemes, which express the grammar categories, functioning in this language. Though limited, this list is extremely big for a synthetic language like Russian (conjugation of verbs of different types, declension of nouns and adjectives, participles), but the morphological system of English is very narrow, which makes it possible to describe English as not synthetic, but analytical language. The list of bound morphemes in English is complicated by the relations of homonymy:
(e)s – the plural of nouns, the possessive case of nouns, the third person singular present of verbs;
(e)d – the past and past participle of verbs;
ing – the gerund and present participle;
er, -est – the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs.
This is the complete list of productive word-changing morphemes, which can be used for making synthetic forms of new words, which appear in the language. Whereas non-productive morphemes (-en in the plural of nouns, -ght in the past of the verbs) are used for a limited number of words and can never be applied to new words (microchip – microchips, pasteurize – pasteurized).
One of non-productive synthetical forms is suppletivity, based on correlation of different roots as a means of paradigmatic differentiation. Though the forms don’t have a common root, they function as members of opposition within their category (degrees of comparison), ‘better’ is in the same opposition of meanings to ‘good’ as ‘bigger’ is to ‘big’. This allows us to consider them suppletive forms of one word, but not different words.
By sound alternations we mean a way of expressing grammatical category by changing a sound inside the root (man-men; sing-sang-sung). The morphemes are called replacive. In some words those morphophonemic alternations are combined with affixation: leave-left, feel-felt, sell-sold, tell-told, man-men-men’s. These morphemes are also non-productive.
English affixes add grammar meaning not only to one word, but also to a group of words: a black cat – black cats, his daughter Mary – his daughter Mary’s arrival.
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Opposition – противопоставление двух или нескольких грамматических форм, объединенных в одну грамматическую категорию.
synthetic form – синтетическая флома, образованная путем слияния основы и формообразующих аффиксов.
productive/non-productive forms – продуктивные (широко используемые для образования новых слов и форм)/непродуктивные (не производящие новые слова и формы)
bound morpheme – связанная морфема, которая может употребляться только как часть слова, а не самостоятельно
homonymy – омонимия, употребление одинаковых по форме морфем для образования разных грамматических форм
suppletive form – супплетивная форма, форма одного и того же слова, образованная от другого корня.
sound alternations – чередование звуков, сопровождающее образование грамматических форм
replacive morphemes – чередующиеся морфемы, который служат для образования грамматических форм путем замены одной или нескольких букв в корне.