Drying Equipment

Driers may be divided into two main groups: the first one comprises all the driers in which the material is in direct contact with the heating medium; the second group includes the driers in which material is separated from the heating medium by a wall. The heating medium for the first group may be hot air or flue gas; for the second group - steam, hot water, or flue gas.

Each group may be subdivided into driers for liquids and for solids and those with or without agitation. Classification of the various types of drying equipment which has been given is based on the method of transferring heat. Driers of similar design generally can be found in both divisions. This classification does not serve as a guide in selecting a suitable drier for a specific product. For this purpose an alternate classification is offered which is based on the nature of the material handled.

drier – сушка

to comprise – заключать в себе

to include – включать

medium – среда

steam – пар

to transfer –переносить, переводить

alternate – поочередный

to heat – нагревать

solid – твердое вещество

1. Переведите интернациональные слова:

group – design – gas –

material – nature – method –

classification – to contact – product –

2. Выпишите из текста предложения с модальными глаголами и переведите их.

3. Выпишите из текста предложения с Gerund и переведите их.

4. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:

1. What two main groups of driers can you name?

2. What could the heating medium be?

3. On what method is classification of drying equipment based?

Unit VIII

Refrigerators

I. Грамматика

1) Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice).

2) Причастие настоящего времени (participle l), причастие прошедшего времени (participle II).

3) Инфинитив (Infinitive).

II. Тексты.

A. Refrigerator.

B. Impact of refrigerator on lifestyle.

C. Absorption refrigerator.

Активная лексика

Refrigerator - холодильник

appliance- приспособление;

to insulate - изолировать;

pump - насос;

to transfer - перемещать;

ambient- окружающий;

freezing point – точка замерзания;

to share – делить;

separate– раздельный;

to gain– получать, приобретать;

refrigerant - охладитель.

TEXT A

Refrigerator

A typical refrigerator with its door open

A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump - a mechanism to transfer heat from it to the external environment, cooling the contents to a temperature below ambient. Refrigerators are extensively used to store foods which deteriorate at ambient temperatures; spoilage from bacterial growth and other processes is much slower at low temperatures. A device described as a "refrigerator" maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water; a similar device which maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer". The refrigerator is a relatively modern invention among kitchen appliances. It replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half prior. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an "icebox". Freezers keep their contents frozen. They are used both in households and for commercial use. Most freezers operate around minus 18 °C (0 °F). Domestic freezers can be included as a compartment in a refrigerator, sharing the same mechanism or with a separate mechanism, or can be standalone units. Domestic freezers are generally upright units, resembling refrigerators, or chests, resembling upright units laid on their backs. Many modern freezers come with an icemaker. Commercial fridge and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. They used toxic ammonia gas systems, making them unsafe for home use. Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable synthetic refrigerants such as Freon or R-12 were introduced. It is notable that while 60% of households in the US owned a refrigerator by the 1930s, it was not until 40 years later, in the 1970s, that the refrigerator achieved a similar level of penetration in the United Kingdom.