Food Engineering

1. The organization of the modern food industry was preceded by a long path of development of science and engineering knowledge relating to processing of the raw vegetable material and animal produce foodstuffs and feeds.

2. The machines, apparatus and automated equipment included into the list of modern technological equipment used in all 30 branches of the modern food industry, number about 2500 items.

3. Thousands of years elapsed before it was possible to pass from primitive tools to the modern large mechanized, electrified enterprises equipped in a large stock of devices, apparatus and automatic machines for the production of different foodstuffs and feeds.

4. The whole technological equipment of the food industry can be classified into 18 groups on the functional basis treated from the point of view of treatment of the material, and design of the apparatus.

5. Almost all of these groups of machines have been specially designed for the food industry in plants producing equipment for this industry.

6. At present we distinguish about40 different branches of the food industry incorporating storage and processing of different kinds of agricultural raw material.

7. A common feature of the above-mentioned branches of the food industry and particularly of enterprises with small capacity, is the insufficient degree of hard work mechanization and automation of technological processes.

8. There are different kinds of enterprises. Most food industry enterprises belong to mass production factories, pants. At such enterprises the machines and apparatuses are arranged so to provide a continuous production flow. Such production is usually built on the principle of either one or several continuous production lines.

9. Multiple-line production includes a main production line and an auxiliary line. The material is proceeded on he main line. The auxiliary line takes care of such operations as finishing, batching and packing of the finished product.

10. The stock to be processed is conveyed from machine to machined by material handling facilities. To know various machines one has to study their design principles and applications.

11. The machines employed in food manufacture usually include feed mechanisms, drive and working organs. Feed mechanism serves to feed the raw material into the machine, the drive mechanism actuates the working organs which do the processing.

I. Переведите письменно абзацы 2,3,5,7,10.

II. Расскажите по-русски об истории развития отрасли.

III. Составьте план текста и, пользуясь им, изложите основное содержание прочитанного.

Unit II

Food processing industry.

ProcessEquipment.

I. Грамматика

1) Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice).

2) Причастие прошедшего времени (participle II) в функции определения.

3) Инфинитив (Infinitive) в функции обстоятельства.

II. Тексты.

A. Process equipment and facilities and maintenance.

B. High Speed Miser/Granulator

C. Chain Update: McDonald's, the Cheesecake Factory And Others

Активная лексика

to install - устанавливать, налаживать;

refinery - нефтеперерабатывающий завод;

to gauge - измерять;

to maintain - поддерживать, осуществлять техническое обслуживание;

to optimize - оптимизировать, упрощать;

data - данные, сведения;

to monitor - контролировать;

to repair – чинить;

breakdown – поломка;

sporadic – спорадический.

TEXT A

Process Equipment & Facilities Operation & Maintenance

The installation, integration, support, and maintenance of manufacturing process equipment and controls may represent significant costs in many manufacturing enterprises. In the case of chemical plants, refineries, steel mills and similar capital intensive operations, equipment maintenance and operational support can be a major cost driver.

Continuous flow type manufacturing enterprises, such as chemical processing plants, are often highly automated, employing advanced sensors and sophisticated supervisory control systems.

In most discrete manufacturing operations today, operation and maintenance of process equipment uses limited in-process control and in-process gauging. The primary focus in this area is control of equipment as opposed to control of processes. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are common, and there is limited application of PC-based controllers.

Various methods, mostly manual, are employed for tracking tooling. Limited standardization, a prerequisite for modularity, exists for tooling and fixturing. Planning and management of tooling and fixture maintenance is inefficient and few automated solutions are widely available.

Equipment maintenance is often reactive in nature, in response to breakdowns. Preventive maintenance programs that perform routine tasks at predetermine intervals are in common use. Computerized maintenance management systems that automatically track maintenance histories and schedule preventive maintenance at appropriate intervals based on actual equipment reliability data are also being used in some enterprises to optimize equipment uptime and availability. However, very few of these systems track equipment condition on a real-time basis, offer on-line problem diagnosis, or provide advice and/or self-correcting solutions, all capabilities that will being increasingly needed in the future.

Operation and maintenance of facilities and their related utilities currently uses diagnostic rather than prognostic approaches in most companies. Process monitoring and predictive maintenance are limited. Collection and analysis of reliability and maintainability (R&M) data is often sporadic, which makes life cycle cost determination difficult. However, users are beginning to demand guarantee of overall equipment effectiveness and suppliers are concerned due to a lack of R&M data.

Quality and equipment utilization requirements (and just-in-time scheduling) are placing more pressure on process maintenance. The time to repair facilities and the mean time between failure is becoming more critical in many industries, but planning to address the issues is often lacking. Also, operations and maintenance functions are rarely equipped with the same level of technical capabilities as other functions within the enterprise