Сослагательное, изъявительное и повелительное наклонение. The Subjunctive, the Indicative and the Imperative Mood. Условные предложения. Conditional sentences.

Наклонение – форма глагола, при помощи которой говорящий показывает отношение действия к реальности.

Это отношение может быть реальное, проблематичное, нереальное, а также в виде просьбы или приказания.

Действия представленные как реальные, выражаются в форме изъявительного наклонения (The Indicative Mood).

e.g. I wrote a letter yesterday.

Просьбы и приказания выражаются в форме повелительного наклонения

(The Imperative Mood), глагол стоит на первом месте в форме инфинитива без to.

e.g. Be careful! Будь осторожен!

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомгательного глагола do и отрицательной частицы not.

e.g. Don’t cry! Не плачь!

Просьба и приказ к 3-му лицу употребляется глагол let (пусть), а к 1-му лицу let’s

(давай (те))

e.g. Let Ann read the text. Пусть Аня читает текст.

Let’s go for a work. Давайте прогулямся.

Нереальные, предполагаемые и проблематичные действия выражаются формами сослагательного наклонения (The Subjunctive Mood).

На русский язык сослагательное наклонение всегда переводится прошедшим временем глагола с частицей “бы”.

Например: Если бы я закончил работу пораньше, я бы мог проводить вас

Основными союзами условных предложений являются if (если), unless (если...не), provided (при условии если).

В зависимости от характера условия условные предложения принято подразделять:

I тип Реальные условия, реальные факты, относящиеся к наст., прош. или буд. времени.	II тип Маловероятные или нереальные условия, относящиеся к наст., прош. или буд. времени.	III тип Нереальные или неосуществимые действия или условия, относящиеся к прошедшему времени.
Глагол главного и придаточного предложения стоит в форме изъявит.наклонения. If the weather is good, we went skiing. Если погода хорошая, мы хотим кататься на лыжах. If the weather was good, we go skiing. Если бы погода была хорошей, мы бы покатались на лыжах. If the weather is good, we shall go skiing. Если погода будет хорошей, мы пойдём кататься на лыжах. (придаточное переводится буд.временем)	Главное предл. выражено should/would/could + Indefinite Infinitive без частицы to Придаточное предл. выражено Past Indefinite (для глагола to be форма were,для всех лиц) If I knew his address, I could write a letter to him. Если бы я знала его адрес, я бы написала ему письмо. If I were you. I should know what to do. Если бы я была на твоём месте, я бы знала что делать.	Глав.предл. выражено should/would/could + Perfect Infinitive Придаточное предл. выражено Past Perfect If I hadn’t been ill, I could have gone yesterday. Если бы я не был болен, я мог бы уехать вчера.

Задание 1. Определите наклонение (изъявительное, повелительное или условное) в следующих предложениях.

1. He doesn’t like cats. 2. It’s cold. 3. Don’t cry! 4. He said, “Get out of my way!” 5. Let’s begin our discussion. 6. If I see him I shall tell him everything. 7. If I saw him I should tell him everything. 8. Don’t be so silly. 9. I am a student. 10. I wish you good luck. 11. I wish you were lucky. 12. He suggested that we should climb the mountain. 13. He suggested us to climb the mountain. 14. Please come here, Tom. 15. Will you come here again? 16. If you go to the country, don’t forget to take your dog with you. 17. If I had gone to the country, he would have taken his dog with him.

Задание 2. *Определите тип условного предложения и переведите предложения.

1. If I go home early, I’ll be able to write my report today.

2. If he were at the Institute now, he would help us to translate the article.

3. If you had come to the meeting yesterday, you would have met with a well-known English writer.

4. You will get good results if you apply this method of calculation.

5. If he had taken a taxi, he would have come on time.

6. If the speed of the body were 16 km per second, it would leave the solar system.

7. If it had not been so cold, I would have gone to the country.

8. If the air were composed (состоять) only of nitrogen (азот), burning would be impossible.

9. If you press the button (кнопка), the device (механизм) will start working.

10. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment (оборудование).

11. He will not finish his work in time unless you help him.

12. We shall start out (начнём) at 7 o’clock, provided everybody comes in time.

Задание 3. *Переведите на английский язык.

1. Если бы вы знали лучше грамматику, вы бы не делали столько ошибок в ваших упражнениях. 2. Если бы он был в Москве сейчас, он, конечно, помог бы нам. 3. Я подожду его, если его не будет дома. 4. Если бы не было так поздно сейчас, я бы пошёл к нему. 5. Если бы я не был так занят вчера, я поехал бы на вокзал. 6. Я был бы вам очень благодарен, если бы вы смогли уделить мне несколько минут. 7. Мне потребовалось много времени, чтобы перевести эту статью. Если бы вы мне дали хороший словарь, я бы потратил меньше времени. 8. Я буду очень огорчён, если они не придут. 9. Этого бы не случилось, если бы вы были там. 10. Если бы вы пришли сюда вчера между двумя и тремя часами, вы бы застали его. 11. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Если бы они были меньше, я бы купил их.

Диалог на тему “Car racing”. “Автогонки”.

Задание №1. Прочитайте дилог и расскажите о его главных героях, опишите ситуацию, обращая внимание на слова ниже. Проанализируйте грамматические явления в подчёркнутых фразах и словосочетаниях.

JULIA: What is your car speed during the races?

PAUL: Up to 200-300 km\h.

ANN: So fast? But it seems to me that in town you drive so slowly.

PAUL: The roads are crowded and you should be careful. And besides I remember a day when I drove too fast.

ANN: What happened then?

PAUL: I was driving along the main road. All of a sudden a blue car shot out of the side road.

JULIA: Just in front of you?

ANN: Without any warning? Was it possible to slow down?

PAUL: It was completely unexpected. I braked as hard as I could. I stopped just in time. I was lucky there were no cars or trucks around me. Since that time I’ve never driven faster than 55-60 km\h in town.

JULIA: So when in town you follow the proverb “Haste makes waste”.

Vocabulary:

race [reis] – гонка slow down [slou daun] – сбавить скорость

drive [draiv] – водить авто unexpected [′ niks′ pektid] – неожиданный

slowly [slouli] – медленно brake [breik] – тормозить

to be crowded [kraudid] – переполненный людьми truck [tr k] – грузовик

along [ə′ loŋ] – вдоль, прямо faster [f stə] – быстрее

the main road [roud] – главная дорога haste [heist] – поспешность

shoot out of [∫u:t aut] – пронестись, промчаться waste [weist] – потеря

Задание № 2. Отчитайте диалог по ролям и выучите его.

Задание № 3. *Составьте свои диалоги по той же ситуации (объём 6-7 реплик с каждой стороны)

Disscussion. Groupwork. “The car is our friend or enemy”

Task 1. The first cars appeared on the road at the end of the 19^th century. Nowadays there are a lot of cars in the streets. In some towns it is very difficult to find parking. We can’t imagine life without a car. At the same time driving a car causes a lot of problems. So, is the car our friend or enemy?

Vocabulary:

enemy [′enimi] – враг travel [′trævl]– путешествие

appear [ə′ piə] – появляться opportunity [opə′ tju:niti] – возможность

road [roud] – дорога air pollution [εə pə′ lu:∫ən] – загрязнение воздуха

imagine [i′ mæd in] – воображать injure [′ind ə] – вредить

save [seiv] – хранить traffic jam [træfik d æm] – дорожные пробки

carry [′kæri] – носить, возить harm [ha:m] – вред

luggage [′l gid] – багаж health [helθ] – здоровье

a) Read pros (for) and cons (against) given below. Think of some more which are important in your opinion.

The car is our friend	The car is our enemy
1. It saves our time. 2. It carries our luggage. 3. It gives us comfort while travelling. 4. It gives us the opportunity to travel and see the world around. 5. It brings help quickly (police, ambulance, fire engines).	1. It makes noise. 2. It causes air pollution. 3. Many people are killed or injured in car accidents. 4. It causes traffic jams. 5.You don’t walk enough and it does harm to your health.

b) *Discuss the problem in group of 3-5 students to order to make a decision (решение). You may use the following expressions:

to express your opinion

I think ... я думаю … I’m sure ... я уверен …

I believe ... я верю … In my opinion ... по моему мнению…

I suppose ... я полагаю …

to agree with somebody

Yes,I agree (with you) … да, я согласен … I think so too … я тоже так думаю …

That’s true … это верно … You are quite right … вы вполне правы …

to disagree with somebody

On the other hand ... с другой стороны … It’s not true ... это не верно …

I don’t agree with you .... я не согласен … I don’t think so ... я так не думаю …

We think that the car is our friend (the car is our enemy) because ...

1 ... 2 … 3 …

Reading practice “Different kinds of transport”.

Task 1. Read the text “Different kinds of transport”, translate it and answer the questions.

1. What was the reaction of the people after the invention of the steam engine?

In Washington the story is told of a director of the Patent Office who in the early thirties of the last century suggested that the Office be closed because “everything that could possibly be invented had been invented”. People experienced a similar feeling after the invention of the steam engine.

But there was a great need for a more efficient engine than the steam engine, for one without a huge boiler, an engine that could quickly be started and stopped. This problem was solved by the invention of the internal combustion engine.

2. Who introduced the first cheap motor car?

The first practical internal combustion engine was introduced in the form of a gas engine by the German engineer N. Otto in 1876.

Since then motor transport began to spread in Europe very rapidly. But the person who was the first to make it really popular was Henry Ford, an American manufacturer who introduced the first cheap motor car, the famous Ford Model “T”.

3. When did diesel-engined lorries become general?

The rapid development of the internal combustion engine led to its use in the farm tractors, thereby creating a revolution in agriculture. The use of motor vehicles for carrying heavy loads developed more slowly until the 1930s when diesel-engined lorries became general.

The motor cycle steadily increased in popularity as engines and tyres became more reliable and roads improved. Motor cycles were found well suited for competition races and sporting events and were also recognized as the cheapest form of fast transport.

4. When were the trams introduced first?

Buses were started in Paris in 1820. In 1828 they were introduced in London by George Shillibeer, a coach builder who used the French name Omnibus which was obtained from the Latin word meaning “for all”. His omnibuses were driven by three horses and had seats for 22 passengers. Then in the 20^th century reliable petrol engines became available, and by 1912 the new motor buses were fast replacing horse-driven buses.

Trams were introduced in the middle of the 19^th century. The idea was that, as the rails were smoother than the roads, less efford was needed to pull a tram than a bus. The first trams were horse-drawn but the later trams were almost all driven by electricity. The electric motor driving the tram was usually with electric current from overhead wires. Such wires are also used by trolleybuses, which run on rubber tyres and do not need rails.

Another form of transport used in London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev and some other crowded cities is the underground railway.

London’s first underground railway of the “tube” type was opened in 1863, the Moscow underground in 1935.