- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Unit VII
LAND FORMS |
Reading Material Text a
Task
Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
How are land and sea distributed?
Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
The earth's surface has traditionally been divided into two parts: ocean basins and the continents which rise above them. Land and sea are very unevenly distributed: the earth can be divided into two hemispheres – one contains four fifths of all the land and the other is nearly nine-tenths covered by water. Nearly three-fourths of all the land surface is underlain by marine rocks. Fossils of marine animals in the rocks of high mountains and inland deserts prove that even many of the continental heartlands were at one time or another drowned beneath the sea.
The World's Main Land Masses. – Most of the land area of the world is located in the Northern Hemisphere. Eurasia and North America, although now separated by Bering Strait, were once a single land mass. All other large land areas, except Antarctica and Australia, are joined to these great land masses. Africa and South America are united with Eurasia and North America, respectively, by narrow necks of land called isthmuses.
Continents. – The great land masses are called continents. Most of them are triangular in shape, pointing toward the south. Tongues of land that extend from continents into bodies of water are called peninsulas. Continents do not end abruptly at the shore of the ocean. In many cases, there is a large area offshore where the ocean water is quite shallow. The land under such shallow water is called a continental shelf. The continental shelves are the submerged edges of the continents. Off most coastlines the bottom slopes gradually (gently) form the shore seaward before passing into a much steeper continental slope. The continental shelf varies greatly in width along different parts of its extent.
Islands. – An island is a body of land entirely surrounded by water. Many islands are submerged mountain ranges. Some, notably in the Pacific Ocean, were created by volcanic action. Volcanoes can be built up beneath the sea until they emerge and become islands. Certain islands are composed of coral.
Mountains. – An elevation above the surface of the earth with a small summit (top) area is called a hill or a mountain. A hill is not so lofty as a mountain and has gentler slopes. Mountain slopes are steeper. Mountains are said to be "old" or "young" according to the length of geologic time that they have been in existence. Old mountains have been acted on by the forces of erosion for so many years that their profiles are smoothed and rounded. Young mountains are jagged in outline and have a rugged relief.
Plateaus. – A plateau is an elevation, which has a large surface area. Some plateaus, like the Plateau of Tibet, are raised far above sea level.
Plains. – Plains are areas of level land. According to location or origin there are several types of plains, each with its own typical characteristics:
Coastal plains lying along the shore of the ocean.
Interior plains lying in the heart of a continent.
Glaciated plains formed by the great glaciers.
Flood-plains formed from the alluvium deposited by rivers.