- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Word Study
Ex. 1. a) Read correctly the following words. Mind the stress.
Northern Hemisphere Antarctica
Eurasia Australia
North America Africa
South America the Pacific Ocean
b) Read the following paying attention to the pronunciation of letter combinations with U. State their meaning. Consult the dictionary if necessary.
[jH] distribute Eurasia peninsula gradually |
[A] much unevenly underlain abruptly under summit rugged |
[L] four Australia |
[W] surface |
[au] south surround mountain round outline |
Ex. 2. Use your dictionary and complete the following table.
Verb |
Noun |
Adjective |
divide |
|
|
|
elevation |
|
surround |
existence |
|
|
|
|
|
glacier |
|
|
|
small |
Ex. 3. Match English phrases and their Russian equivalents.
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|
Ex. 4. Identify the meaning of the words as they occur in the sentences below.
The sun rises in the east.
The river rises in the mountains.
Three or four valley glaciers rise from the snowfields on different sides of this large massive mountain.
In these mountains the forest zone rises to an elevation of about 6,000 feet.
The mountains extend 80 miles long and 30 miles wide along the south coast of the peninsula.
The extent of the subzone of the mixed and deciduous forests is negligible in Siberia.
The type of weather varies throughout the region.
All varieties of rocks are deformed by earth movement.
There are various types of natural vegetation on this island.
Our knowledge of glacier variations is mainly based on observations of their size and especially of their marginal variation.
Ex. 5. Add nouns to the following adjectives to form noun phrases.
Adjectives: |
marine, inland, continental, northern, single, narrow, shallow, submerged, volcanic, gentle, steep, rugged, coastal, interior. |
Nouns: |
landmass, neck, rock, plain, relief, animal, mountain slopes, slope, desert, action, heartland, water, edge, hemisphere, shelf. |
Ex. 6. Pair the verbs in column A with a suitable phrase in column B. You must find a match for every word but there is not necessary only one solution.
A |
B |
to divide to distribute to cover to be drowned to join to to end to vary to create to be to smooth to raise |
above sea level abruptly in width the earth surface unevenly profiles of old mountains by volcanic action by water beneath the sea great land masses in existence |
Ex. 7. Write out the equivalents in pairs.
r ise produce
beneath appear
extend below
main much
greatly chief
create top
extent height
emerge completely
summit length, area
entirely stretch
elevation appear
Ex. 8. Match the words with their appropriate explanations.
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|
Ex. 9. How are these ideas expressed in the text.
Land and sea are very unevenly distributed.
Main land masses of the world.
Continents do not end abruptly at the shore of the ocean.
Mountains can be “old” or “young” according to the length of geologic time of their existence.
Typical characteristics of plains.
Ex. 10. Fill in the missing words in the sentences below. Choose from the following putting the verbs in the right tense.
create have raise vary underlie act drown compose |
Nearly three-fourths of all the land surface … … by marine rocks.
Many of the continental heartlands … … at one time or another beneath the sea.
The continental shelf … greatly in width.
Some islands … … by volcanic action.
Certain islands … … of coral.
A hill … gentler slopes.
Old mountains … on by the forces of erosion for many years.
Some plateaus … far above sea level.
Ex. 11. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences.
Land and sea are very unevenly … .
a) composed
b) divided
c) distributed
The continents … above ocean basins.
a) appear
b) rise
c) merge
Eurasia and North America were once a … land mass.
a) large
b) single
c) uneven
Narrow necks of land are called … .
a) isthmuses
b) islands
c) hills
Most continents are triangular in … .
a) size
b) length
c) shape
Tongues of land that extend from continents into bodies of water are called … .
a) straits
b) peninsulas
c) necks
In many cases there is a large area offshore where the ocean water is quite … .
a) shallow
b) wide
c) narrow
The land under such shallow water is called … .
a) a strait
b) a continental shelf
c) a plain
An island is a body of land … surrounded by water.
a) almost
b) partially
c) entirely
An elevation above the surface of the earth with a small summit area is called … .
a) a valley
b) a mountain
c) a plateau.
Ex. 12. What prepositions are missing in the following article?