- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text try to discuss the following questions.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Geography
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Origin and development of geography. Early history
- •Geographic methods. Map location and measurement
- •The Round Earth on Flat Paper
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Geography”
- •Revision
- •What is science?
- •Становление географии как науки
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
- •Components of maps
- •Maps and graphs Maps
- •Isoline maps
- •Choropleth
- •Topological maps
- •Proportional flow maps
- •Dot maps
- •Line graphs
- •Scattergraphs
- •Pie charts
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The History of Exploration
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Captain Cook
- •Text c The Mystery of the Franklin Expedition
- •Text d
- •The History of Maps
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Christopher Columbus”
- •Revision
- •Questions:
- •II. Первое русское кругосветное путешествие
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Famous Russian navigators
- •Navigation Tools
- •Unit III
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before we start reading let’s recollect the composition of the solar system.
- •What does the solar system consist of?
- •What heavenly object is the most beautiful (mysterious, important)?
- •The Universe and the Solar System
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Our local star
- •Text c The Evolution of the Universe
- •Text d Galaxies
- •Dialogue
- •Is the Sun Good or Bad for Us?
- •Is the sun good or bad for us?
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Stars”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the temperature of:
- •Note down the colours of :
- •Revision
- •The Lunar Surface
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading The Planets
- •Mercury
- •Jupiter
- •Uranus and Neptune
- •Stellar Evolution
- •Unit IV
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Is the earth a perfect sphere?
- •This Earth of Ours
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Text c The Earth. Size. Shape.
- •Text d The Earth
- •Dialogue Discussing the age of the earth
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Earth’s shape”
- •1. What is the “equatorial bulge”?
- •2. Are all three models only approximations?
- •Revision
- •History of the Earth
- •Latitude and Longitude
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Yellowstone National Park
- •The geological setting
- •Hydrothermal features
- •Reading Material Text a
- •The Atmosphere: Properties and composition
- •Word Study
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Cycle
- •The Ozone Layer
- •The Ionosphere
- •Dialogue
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Atmosphere”
- •Part b. Listening activities
- •Revision
- •Air pollution
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Texts Greenhouse gases
- •The air we breathe
- •Unit VI
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the text discuss these points with a partner.
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Climate
- •Word study
- •Climate
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The climate of the uk
- •The World’s Inconstant Climate
- •Methods of weather modification
- •Weather
- •Days of Abnormal Weather
- •Vocabulary
- •Days of Abnormal Weather Text 1
- •Interpretation
- •Weather Forecast
- •Listening Comprehension Text “The Climate”
- •Revision
- •Climate
- •Weather maps
- •Project Writing
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Climatic Change
- •Origin of Climatic Change
- •Ocean Currents
- •Unit VII
- •Reading Material Text a
- •Before reading the passage discuss these points with a partner.
- •Into how many parts is the earth’s surface divided?
- •How are land and sea distributed?
- •Now read the text, translate it and get ready to do the exercises after the text. Land Forms of the Earth
- •Word Study
- •The Alps
- •Comprehension and Discussion
- •The Surface of the Ground
- •Continental Drift
- •Wegener’s Theory
- •Text d The Soil Beneath our Feet
- •Dialogue Discussing the process of erosion
- •Listening Comprehension Text “Continental drift”
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Note down the terms used by the lecturer.
- •Note down the thickness of the asthenosphere.
- •Revision
- •Relief form of the earth
- •Earthquake waves
- •Earthquakes
- •Active Vocabulary
- •Additional Reading Erosion
- •Weathering
- •1999 A bad year for earthquakes
- •Limestone in Europe
- •Vulcanism
- •Volcanic Eruptions
- •Glaciers
- •Minerals
- •What Minerals Are
- •Mineral Properties
- •The Earth’s Interior
- •Interior Structure
- •Rock Classification
- •Igneous Rocks
- •Sedimentary Rocks
- •Grammar focus the system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
- •Passive voice
- •The Greenhouse Effect
- •Participle
- •The gerund
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Infinitive
- •I. Образование
- •II. Функции инфинитива в предложении.
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Subjunctive Mood Conditional Sentences
- •Modal verbs
- •(Выражение «вероятности», «предположения»)
- •The system of tenses
- •Charles Robert Darwin
Active Vocabulary
account n доклад, сообщение, отчет
account v считать за; рассматривать как
~ for объяснять
accuracy n точность, правильность
accurate a точный, правильный
altitude n высота; высота над уровнем моря
angle n угол
area n площадь, пространство
areal a пространственный
circumference n окружность
concern v касаться, иметь отношение
to be concerned with заниматься, интересоваться чем-либо
crust n земная кора
deal (dealt) with v рассматривать вопрос; иметь дело
derive v изобретать
distribute v распределять, раздавать
distribution n распределение, распространение
envelope n оболочка
environment n окружающая среда
estimate v оценивать; подсчитывать приблизительно
estimation n оценка; подсчет, вычисление
exact a точный, строгий, верный
extend v простирать (ся), тянуть (ся)
extent n пространство, протяжение
habitat n среда обитания; место распространения
level n уровень
sea~ уровень моря
longitude n долгота
measure v измерять, мерить
obtain v получать, добывать
occur v случаться, происходить
pattern n образец; модель
plain n равнина
rate n темп, скорость
revolve v вращаться вертеться
settle v заселять, колонизировать
soil science почвоведение
surface n поверхность
survey v обозревать, производить съемку; производить исследования
variability n изменчивость, непостоянство
vast a обширный, громадный
vegetation n растительность
Additional Reading Geography and people: Ptolemy
Ancient geography came to an end with the work of Ptolemy, the best-known and most widely acclaimed astronomer and geographer of the ancient world. Little is known about Ptolemy’s life other than that he worked in the Roman Empire’s great library in Alexandria, Egypt, between A.D. 127 and 150. It was in Alexandria, the cultural center of the ancient world, that he wrote his most important work on astronomy. It was so admired, however, that it became known as the Almagest, a combination of Greek and Arabic terms meaning “the greatest”.
“A Guide to Geography”. After completing his work on astronomy, Ptolemy began preparing “A Guide to Geography”, an eight volume work on all aspects of geography. Ptolemy began the work with a detailed discussion of different methods of mapmaking and a lengthy list of all of the known places in the world, together with their latitudes and longitudes. The book also contained 26 colored maps and a carefully planned new map of the world. Ptolemy adopted the grid of latitude and longitude lines developed by the Greek geographer Hipparchus nearly 300 years earlier. This grid was based on the division of a circle into 360 parts. Using this system, every place on the earth could be given a precise location.
The problem of accuracy. Despite its appearance of accuracy, however, Ptolemy’s geography was full of errors. In his time, for example, latitude could only be approximated and there was no exact way of determining longitude at all. Therefore each listing of latitude and longitude was, at best, only a rough estimate.
Besides, Ptolemy greatly exaggerated the size of the land area from Spain to China, vastly underestimated the size of the Atlantic Ocean, and estimated the circumference of the earth to be about half its actual size. Based on Ptolemy’s inaccurate calculations, Christopher Columbus believed that Asia was close to Europe on the west. It was actually Ptolemy’s error that encouraged Columbus to set forth on his westward voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
A lasting impact. In spite of mistakes made more from the lack of accurate instruments than from ignorance, Ptolemy was extremely well respected. “A Guide to Geography” was such a monumental work that its significance to the development of the field of geography cannot be overestimated. His work remained the major geographic study for nearly 1,000 years.