II. Find the English equivalents in the text:

1. промышленная революция, 2. исторические достижения, 3. следующий шаг, 4. сложная конструкция (агрегат), 5. паровая машина, 6. источник ядерной энергии, 7. важное достижение, 8. обработка информации.

III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the underlined words:

1. a. The early tools were made of stone.

b. Modern tools are programmable machines.

2. a. Automation has developed from mechanization.

b. The first powered machines were developed during the Middle Ages.

3. a. The process of producing complex patterns in textiles could be realized by Jacquard loom in 1801.

b. Charles Babbage proposed to process data by means of his mechanical “analytical engine”.

4. a. Powered machines did not require human strength to operate.

b. The Jacquard loom was operated by means of a program contained in steel cards with punched holes.

IV. Fill in the blanks and translate the sentences:

1. Mechanization refers to the replacement of human … with mechanical power.

2. Simple mechanical … were replaced by powered machines.

3. The Chinese developed trip-hammers powered by flowing … .

4. The mechanical clock represented a complex … with its own built-in power source.

5. Windmills had … for automatical turning the sails.

6. The Watt steam … marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

7. The Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a programmable … .

The “analytical engine” proposed by Charles Babbage was the precursor of the modern digital … .

a. engine, b. power, c. devices, d. water, e. computer, f. mechanisms,

g. assembly, h. machine.

grammar revision exercises.

I. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ing-forms” in different functions:

1. Mechanization had its beginnings in the Industrial Revolution.

2. Simple mechanical devices magnifying the power of human muscle were developed hundreds of years ago.

3. The mechanical clock representing a complex assembly with its own built-in power source was designed in 1335 in Europe.

4. Windmills with mechanisms for turning the sails were created during the Middle Ages.

5. Devising the steam engine by James Watt marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

6. Powered engines and machines obtaining their energy from mechanical, chemical, electrical and nuclear sources were being devised during two centuries.

7. The Jacquard automatic loom was capable of producing complex patterns in textiles by controlling the motions of many shuttles.

8. The concept of programming a machine was developed in the 19-th century.

9. Mechanical data processing was proposed by Charles Babbage in the 19-th century.

II. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to “ed-forms” in different functions:

1. The technology of automation has evolved from mechanization.

2. Many modern automated systems are derived from mechanical systems.

3. Thousands of years were required for the development of the wheel, the lever and the pulley.

4. More than 2,000 years ago the Chinese devised trip-hammers powered by flowing water.

5. The early Greeks experimented with motors powered by steam.

6. The steam engine represented a major advance in the development of powered machines.

7. When invented in 1801 the Jacquard loom demonstrated the concept of a programmable machine.

8. In the Jacquard loom the selection of the pattern in textiles was determined by a program contained in steel cards in which holes were punched.

9. Modern digital computer has been improved many times since Charles Babbage proposed his “analytical engine” programmed to perform arithmetic and data processing.