3. Supplement every statement with some phrases and make a short report on each point:

1. An automated production line consists of a series of workstations.

2. Modern automated production lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers.

3. Automated production lines are used in many industries for the process of machining.

4. Automated production lines are used in many industries for the process of pressworking.

4. Make a short report on the use of automated production lines in industry.

Text 14 B

Translate the text in written form using a dictionary:

Machine Tools

Any machine tool is a stationary power-driven machine that is used to shape or form parts made of metal or other materials. The shaping is accomplished in four general ways: (1) by cutting excess material in the form of chips from the part; (2) by shearing the material; (3) by squeezing metallic parts to the desired shape; and (4) by applying electricity , ultrasound , or corrosive chemicals to the material. The fourth category covers modern machine tools and processes for machining ultrahard metals not machinable by older methods.

Machine tools that form parts by removing metal chips from a workpiece include lathes, shapers and planers, drilling machines, milling machines, grinders, and power saws. The cold forming of metal parts, such as cooking utensils, automobile bodies, and similar items, is done on punch presses, while the hot forming of white-hot blanks into appropriately shaped dies is done on forging presses.

Modern machine tools cut or form parts to tolerances of plus or minus one ten-thousandth of an inch (0.0025 millimetre). In special applications, precision lapping machines can produce parts that are within plus or minus two millionths of an inch (0.00005 millimetre). Because of the precise dimensional requirements of the parts and the heavy cutting forces exerted on the cutting tool, machine tools combine weight and rigidity with delicate accuracy.

Text 14 C

Look through the text and do the tasks below:

Automated Transfer Lines

With a systems approach, factories make things by passing them through successive stages of manufacturing without people’s intervening. So transfer lines, which made their debut in car factories in the decade before the Second World War, count as automated systems. They carry components past lines of machine tools which each cuts them automatically. People are not required; the machines clamp the parts onto themselves without a workman being present. Thus, transfer lines are different from assembly lines (although the two are sometimes mixed up) where people are very much in evidence.

With "programmability", a system can do more than one kind of job. An industrial robot is an automated machine; it works automatically, and an operator can reprogram the computer that controls it to make the machine do different things. It can be as much at home¹ welding bits of metal together, as holding a spray gun to paint a car body.

Finally, feedback makes an automatic device vary its routine according to changes that take place around it. An automatic machine tool with feedback would have sensors that detect, for instance, if the metal it is cutting is wrongly shaped. If it is, the sensors instruct the machine to vary its routine accordingly. Other examples of devices with feedback are robots with vision or other sensors that can "see" or "feel" what they are doing.

Note:

¹ to be at home – здесь: легко выполнять

1. Translate the title of the text.

2. Formulate the main idea of the text.

3. Choose the main information from every paragraph.

4. Make up the plan of the text.

5. Write down the annotation of the text in Russian.