II. Find the English equivalents in the text:

1. труд человека, 2. автоматические средства управления, 3. механизированные поточные линии, 4. человеческий разум, 5. выполнение команд, 6. усовершенствованные системы, 7. автоматизированная техника, 8. завоёвывать признание, 9. обладать свойствами, 10. совершать последовательные движения.

III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the underlined words:

1. a. The term “automation” was coined in 1946 in the automobile industry.

b. The term of maintenance of any machine is limited.

2. a. Automation technology is related to the use of computers.

b. The technology of assembling automated systems has become increasingly sophisticated.

3. a. All automatic manufacturing processes are performed by means of programmed commands.

b. Special computer processes the automatic feedback control data without human intervention.

4. a. Robotics includes the technologies where all programmed instructions are executed by robots.

b. To control any new equipment one must read the instructions.

5. a. Every automated system is capable of operating on the basis of computer-related technologies.

b. Operating hazardous manufacturing processes is the function of industrial robots.

6. a. At the age of automation the force of human arms was replaced by mechanical power.

b. Robots’ mechanical arms may be programmed to perform many hard operations at the plant.

7. a. Robotics may be considered a part of automation technology.

b. The operations of loading and unloading the parts at the assembly shop are performed by an industrial robot.

8. a. The production of robots provided with humanlike characteristics is a specialized branch of automation.

b. Automobile component parts are the production of the local automobile-building plant.

IV. Read and translate the sentences. Find the synonyms for the underlined words:

1. Automation implies the integration of machines into a self-governing system.

2. Automatic devices and controls are used in mechanized production lines.

3. Automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of programmed commands.

4. At present advanced automated systems have become highly sophisticated.

5. Robotics is a specialized branch of automation in which the automated machines possess anthropomorphic characteristics.

1. characterized, b. instruments, c. engines, d. field, e. complex, f. unification, g. operators, h. progressive, i. humanlike, j. operating, k. properties, l. engineering, m. manufacturing, n. instructions.

Grammar revision exercises

I. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the use of the Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect Tenses:

1. Mechanization substituted mechanical operations for human labour some centuries ago. Nowadays, automation has revolutionized the quality of human labour.

2. The term “automation” was coined in automobile industry about 1946. Since then, automatic devices and controls have been improved and complicated.

3. At first, automation technology was used in manufacturing. At present, automatic systems have substituted mechanical, electrical and computerized actions for human effort and intelligence.

4. Programmable automatic systems surpassed the abilities of men in many ways. Industrial robots of the twenty first century are the examples of such systems which have achieved a recognition and their own status.

5. Robotics was born from automation technology. Modern industrial robots have replaced human workers in many factory operations.