C. 2. Read the text Workplace safety signs and find answer to the question: What are workplace safety signs?

Workplace safety signs are simply markings placed by employers that identify specific risks, hazards or other safety-related issues. Signs are used to warn employees and members of the public about dangerous substances like acid, or to point out safety features such as fire exits. Some signs must be displayed as part of the health and safety rules to help reduce risks while some industries carry other more specific requirements.

Posters that describe how to complete tasks safely might also be displayed while all employers are legally bound to display the Health and Safety Executive's Health and Safety Law poster.

exit выход relate относиться	point out указывать sign знак; подписывать			carry ['kæri] нести, перевозить poster объявление, плакат
identify [aidentifai] опозновать marking маркировка, разметка		display показ; выставлять, демонстрировать executive должностное лицо, администратор
warn предупреждать, предостерегать			feature характерная черта, особенность

bind [baind] – bound [baund] - bound связывать

C. 3. Translate the text Reliability and Safety using a dictionary

We all know or believe that some machines, cars, forms of construction and even people are more reliable than others. Sometimes we think of this as being due to 'higher factors of safety', greater conservatism, and the use of well tried methods and systems rather than' risky innovations'. Reliability is generally associated with experience and' good engineering practice' which usually goes beyond strict adherence to regulations, national Standards and codes of practice. We are particularly concerned with reliability when our own safety depends on it.

We try to arrange that when critical components in a machine fail they 'fall safe' although the expression is only relative. In a process controlled automatically by a number of pneumatically-operated valves, we would arrange that in case of air failure, the valves assumed the safest mode (open, closed or even perhaps partly open), so that the process automatically shut itself down. A 'fail safe' System ensures that failure of the air supply does not lead to damage to the plant and equipment or escape of flammable or toxic materials.

Unit 6 (18). Factors in accident causation

Grammar:

1. Функции IT, ONE §§ 29, 32

2. The Absolute Participle Construction § 54

3. Функции глагола to HAVE § 67

A. 1. Translate the following international words: alcohol [ælkəhɔl], intoxication [in,tɔksikei]ən], statistics [stə′tistiks], positive [¢pɔzitiv], fatal [feitl], strategy ['strætidʒi], negative [′negətiv], tragedy [′trædʒidi], periodic [,piəri'ɔdik]

1. 2. Learn new words

airplane самолет along with вместе complex сложный drug наркотик engine двигатель friction трение half половина product изделие proximity близость roadway шоссе	causation причинение failure разрушение movement движение potential возможность				motor vehicle автомобиль possibility возможность so-called так называемый speed скорость, быстрота
	be due to быть вызванным, быть обусловленным consideration рассмотрение, обсуждение, внимание economic [,i:kə′nɔmik] хозяйственный, экономический impact [im'pækt] сталкиваться, укреплять, ударять preventive профилактический, предупредительный valueвеличина; ценность, значение; ценить; стоимость
adhere придерживаться investigate исследовать measure измерять, мера piece образец, пример skillful искусный, умелый true правильный, точный wear износ, изнашивание		concern [kən′sə:n] значение, интерес, важность conductive благоприятный, способствующий hazardous [¢hæzədəs] рискованный, опасный motivate [′moutiveit] побуждать, мотивировать operate работать, управлять,эксплуатировать principal главный, основной; глава, начальник principle [¢prinsəpl] принцип, правило, закон
abuse [əbju:s] оскорбление innumerable бесчисленный list список, вносить в список manufacturing производство wear – wore - worn носить			be of value иметь (представлять) ценность experience испы­тание, опыт; испытывать feature характерная черта, особенность inattention невнимательность, невнимание particularly очень, чрезвычайно, особенно
detrimental приносящий убыток employ использовать, нанимать fatality [fətæliti] несчастье, рок machine [mə′òi:n] машина, станок machinery механизм, машины precise точный, определенный whatever какой бы ни, любой				basically по существу, в основном centre on / upon концентрироваться circumstance обстоятельство, случай improve улучшать, совершенствовать limit граница, предел, ограничивать manufacture производство, производить try пытаться, испытывать; пробовать

due to благодаря; должный, соответствующий, надлежащий

employment служба, занятие, работа; использование, применение

maintenance техническое обслуживание, уход, эксплуатация

manufacturer изготовитель, производитель; заводчик, предприниматель

motor двигатель, мотор, автомобиль; двигательный, моторный

operation действие, операция, процесс; работа, эксплуатация

regard касаться, рассматривать, принимать во внимание, считать

A. 3. Translate the following word combinations:

primary causes, degree of individual skill, operate the vehicle, create conditions, develop positive attitudes, major consideration, failure to operate, a complex piece of machinery, involve physical motor activities, injury prevention, adhere to certain rules and regulations, obey the policies, be of little value, detrimental effects, lost work time, numerous injury-related losses, involve alcohol use and intoxication, use of industrial equipment, lead to serious injury, injury-producing circumstances, occur from some kind of mechanical failure, reduce risk, reduce the possibility of mechanical failure, due to such failures, regular maintenance of engines, involve friction or wear, dangerous situations, well-being of the employee, contribute to unintentional injury events, roadway conditions, be of principal concern, causes of injury, reduce the hazardous nature

A. 4. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

cause – to cause, result - to result, center – to center, wear – to wear, regard – to regard, impact to impact, focus – to focus, concern – to concern, injure - injury, skill – skillful, success – successful – successfully, basic - basically, prevent – prevention, regulate - regulation, operate – operation, consider – consideration, reduce - reduction, produce – production, equip - equipment, measure – to measure – measurement, improve – improvement, employ – employer - employee - employment, manufacture - manufacturer, adhere - adherence, perform – performance, maintain – maintenance, present - presence, fail – failure, safe - safety, fatal - fatality

B. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the verb TO HAVE

1. When excavation work was started, a large layer four to eight meters thick had to be removed in order to bring the ruins to light. 2. He has repaired the engine. 3. The heating system of the building had to be reconstructed. 4. There are some kinds of materials that have appeared comparatively recently. 5. The solution has to be diluted. 6. Beta particles have a smaller mass than alpha particles. 7. The designer has to decide what type of bridge is most suitable in local conditions.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction

1. It being Sunday, the library was closed. 2. There being many people in the room we could not enter. 3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy. 4. The work finished, we went home. 5. The computer's electronic memory recording all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations was produced. 6. The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion. 7. The scientist has made a number of experiments, some of them being very important for our work. 8. Many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and regulation being two of the most common.

B. 3. Translate the sentences

1. Will he still be here when I get back. 2. The resistance of metal to deformation is due to the forces acting between the atoms. ? 3. Is your brother still here? 4. The energy due to friction is unlimited. 5. He achieved these results due to his hard work. 6. The access to the mountain was difficult due to the great amount of snow. 7. The colour of water is due to the presence of different materials.

C. 1. Read the text FACTORS IN ACCIDENT CAUSATION and answer the questions:

1. What do the primary causes of an injury resulting circumstances center upon?

2. Why do many fatal and injury-resulting situations occur?

3. What may envirommental factors contribute to?

Human Factors. Often the primary causes of an injury resulting circumstances center upon the individual or human factors. Very often the degree of individual skill involved in operating the machine, equipment or vehicle is a major consideration. Failure to operate within one’s motor skill limits can cause a serious injury-producing situation to occur. The more experience the employee has in operating a complex piece of machinery, the more skillful will be the performance and the less likely it is that an injury will occur. This principle is true of most skills involving physical motor activities.

The presence of a positive attitude regarding safety is another factor impacting injury-resulting situations. For many people safety and injury prevention basically focuses on adhering to certain rules and regulations. All the regulations and rules that one can list are of little value if one’s attitudes regarding adherence to them are negative.

Motivating the general public, particularly young people, to develop positive attitudes toward safety practices is not always easy.

Many substances have detrimental effects upon the physical performance of an individual. Most commonly considered is the effect of abuse substances of alcohol and drugs. Statistics points out that as many as one-half of all motor vehicle fatalities, along with hundreds of hours of lost work time and numerous other injury-related losses, involve alcohol use and intoxication. Inattention to tasks such as operation and use of industrial equipment for as brief a time as a single second may create conditions that lead to serious injury or fatality.

Mechanical factors. Not all injury-producing circumstances are the sole result of human failure. Many fatal and injury-resulting situations occur from some kind of mechanical failure. Mechanical failure can lead to tragedies causing hundreds of deaths, as when there is an engine failure in an airplane.

As careful and precise as manufacturers of products try to be, there is always the possibility of mechanical failure. There are many measures that can be taken to reduce risk due to such failures. Improved engineering, manufacturing and quality control strategies can reduce the possibility of mechanical failure. Also, regular maintenance of engines and mechanical parts that involve movement and friction or wear must be considered a major preventive measure that will help to reduce the risk of unintentional injury events.

Environmental factors. Whatever the size of the workplace and location of employment, a safe work environment is important. Daily, individuals are exposed to many situations that can be dangerous to the personal safety and well-being of the employee. One’s well-being, both personal and economic, is impacted by how safe a person is from injury associated with the workplace.

Innumerable factors in our surroundings, so-called environmental factors, may contribute to unintentional injury events. In the case of motor vehicle operation, the roadway conditions are of principal concern. Within the workplace there are many conditions that may be primary causes of injury. The presence and proximity of high-speed equipment that is used daily at the factory may create an environment conductive to injury, and possible fatality. In any given uninterntional injury event there are a number of factors associated with environment that can be investigated. Around any building – a home, office, school, or public building – various construction features of the structure could be the cause of injury.

Many measures may be employed to reduce the hazardous nature of a given environment.