2. 2. Read the text Industrial Engineers

1. Speak on their responsibilities

2. Speak on peculiarities of this profession

Industrial engineers determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of production - people, machines, materials, information, and energy - to make a product or to provide a service. They are the bridge between management goals and operational performance. They are more concerned with increasing productivity through the management of people, methods of business organization, and technology than are engineers in other specialties, who generally work more with products or processes.

Although most industrial engineers work in manufacturing industries, they may also work in consulting services, healthcare, and communications.

To solve organizational, production, and related problems most efficiently, industrial engineers carefully study the product and its requirements, use mathematical methods such as operations research to meet those requirements, and design manufacturing and information systems. They develop management control systems to aid in financial planning and cost analysis and design production planning and control systems to coordinate activities and ensure product quality.

aid помогать	solve решать		relate относиться
care уход; заботиться speciality специальность		manufacture производство, производить meet requirements отвечать требованиям

C. 3. Read the text Responsibilities of the safety specialist using a dictionary

The safety specialist or engineer is employed by management and is part of the managerial and supervisory staff directing the work of employees. The safety specialist thus shares the responsibilities of management. He (or she) will periodically inspect the plant, machinery, tools and various work operations in order to determine mechanical and physical hazards and unsafe practices of employees. The specialist suggests and recommends improvements, takes part in the training and education of supervisors and employees, conducts or participates in safety meetings, acts as co-ordinator of safety work and as liaison agent with higher executives. In general, the task of the safety specialist is to supervise and promote the work of accident prevention.

Safety engineer is an employee whose job is to inspect all possible danger spots in the mine and plant; to cooperate with safety committees in various parts of the organization and agencies such as the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, the National Safety Council, and State bureaus and inspectors; to head all rescue work, first-aid instruction courses, and safety-first meetings; and to draw up and enforce a written code of minimum safety requirements for all work at the mine and plant.

Unit 4 (16). Hazards, risks, outcomes

Grammar:

1. Функции слова AS § 38

2. Modal Verbs § 27

3. Perfect Tenses § 17, 22

A. 1. Read and translate the following international words: dynamic [dai'næmik], toxic [′tɔksik], terminology [,tə:mi′nɔlədʒi], analysis [ənæləlsis], dominos [′dɔminouz], panel [′pænl], electronic [ilek′trɔnik], ventilator [′ventileitə]

A. 2. Learn new words

accept принимать acute острый assess оценивать decide решать drain дренаж heavy тяжелый joint сустав likely вероятно manual ручной serious серьезный term термин, срок second секунда wind [wind] ветер works завод	assessment оценка be likely вероятно closely близко, тесно express выражать mental умственный severity суровость target цель, мишень				acceptable приемлемый account отчет, оценка advantage преимущество back спина, задний; назад expect ожидать; считать expectation ожидание next потом, затем, позже
	adequate [ædikwit] соответствующий, адекватный close [klous] тесный, близкий плотно, сплошь, близко examine экзаменовать, рассматривать, исследовать expose выставлять, подвергать воздействию (атмосферы) repetitive [ri'petitiv] без конца повторяющийся, скучный spread распространение, протяжение, пространство well-being благополучие, благосостояние, процветание
effect цель; влияние numerically в цифрах prevail преобладать probability вероятность		approach подход, подступ, доступ; приближаться collaboration сотрудничество, совместная работа flammable огнеопасный, легковоспламеняющийся structure структура, устройство, конструкция
assign назначать, определять build up воздвигать, строить by-pass обходить, окружать contamination загрязнение explosion взрыв, вспышка outcome результат, исход regulatory регулирующий requirement требование take account of учитывать thus так, таким образом			authority власть, полномочие, авторитет conflict [′kɔnflikt] столкновение, конфликт foresee – foresaw - foreseen предвидеть foreseeable поддающийся предвидению in relation to относительно, что касается object [¢ɔbdʒikt] предмет, вещь, объект, цель service обслуживание, сервис, услуга supplies продовольствие, припасы, вариант supply подавать, подводить; снабжение uncontrolled не поддающийся контролю
density плотность, удельный вес focus (upon) сосредоточивать handle управлять, регулировать identify [ai¢dentifai] опозновать neighbouring соседний, смежный neither никто, ни один, никакой presence наличие, присутствие risky рискованный, опасный storage хранение, хранилище				calculate вычислять, рассчитывать combination соединение, сочетание disorder беспорядок, расстройство in terms of на языке, с точки зрения inherent присущий, неотъемлемый insurer страховщик, страхователь reasonable приемлемый, умеренный outside приглашенный со стороны satisfactory удовлетворительный

ambulance [æmbjuləns] скорая помощь, машина скорой помощи

elsewhere где-нибудь в другом месте, куда-нибудь в другое место

further дальнейший; более отдаленный; далее; затем, кроме того, более того

MSD = musculoskeletal disorder опорно-двигательное расстройство

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives: term – terminology, technological - technology, require - requirement, assess - assessment, probable - probability, possible - possibility, severe - severity, expect - expectation, contaminate - contamination, combine - combination, examine - examination, serve - service, expose - exposure, general – generally, close - closely, particular - particularly, cause – to cause, harm - to harm, damage – to damage, change – to change, approach - to approach, supply – to supply, release – to release, control - to control - uncontrolled, direct – indirect, order – disorder, comfort - discomfort

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

generally speaking, cause harm, result from an uncontrolled hazard, a particular outcome, describe damage to equipment, indirect degradation, social well-being of workers, carry out manual handling, heavy objects, acute back, joint injury, chance of the outcome, occur during a year, hazard assessment, identify hazards , eliminate hazards, as reasonable and possible, requirements change, focus controls, the source of the hazard, have the advantage, eliminate risks, manage the risk, a hazard-based approach, possible consequences, spread of damage, in relation to neighbouring plants, storage areas, built-up areas, target areas, contamination of drains, water supplies, release of flammable materials, radioactive sources, existing resources, ambulance services, handle emergency, location of the incident, population densities

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. Millions of species - animals, birds, fish have already disappeared from our planet. 2. Recently the environmental movement has gained widespread support. 3. Many laws aimed at environmental protection have been passed. 4. Standards for food have become strict. 5. In many countries purifying systems for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. 6. Certain countries have already agreed to limit their carbon dioxide emissions.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs

1. The two designs can't be compared. 2. Diamonds must be cut and polished for this purpose. 3. Sometimes Mercury can be seen with the unaided eye. 4. The broken part must be replaced by a new one. 5. Books on this subject can be found in any library. 6. Many complex problems can be solved with the help of computers. 7. The material should be subjected to special treatment. 8. Heat can be divided into three different types. 9. A hazard-based program may not be able to eliminate all risks. 10. The quantity of water in concrete (бетон) must be carefully controlled. 11. The acid shouldn't be diluted.

B. 3. Translate the sentences with AS

1. Radar is used in air plane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering. 2. As for the speed of construction the new method proved satisfactory. 3. As speed is a very important consideration much attention is paid to different methods of speeding up construction. 5. As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it. 6. As the velocity of the air increases, the pressure decreases. 7. Hydraulic as well as solar sources of energy are widely utilized nowadays. 8. Mars rotates at about the same rate as the Earth.

B. 4. Translate sentences

1. You can use either this computer or the other one. 2. Neither of these devices has the desired reliability. 3. She said she would contact me but she neither wrote nor phoned. 4. Neither Richard nor John keep her secret. 5. The resulting substance possesses neither the characteristic properties of the acid nor those of the base. 6. Floor tiles are available in a wide range of colours either marbled or plain. 7. Neither wood nor ply-wood are used in fire resistant structures. 8. Rain water is stored either in rainwater tanks or in underground brick or stone reservoirs.

C. 1. Read the text HAZARDS, RISKS, OUTCOMES and answer the questions:

1. What is a hazard?

2. What process is hazard assessment?

The terminology used in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) varies between states, but generally speaking:

A hazard is something that can cause harm if not controlled.

The outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard.

A risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.

“Hazard”, “risk”, and “outcome” are used in other fields to describe e.g. environmental damage, or damage to equipment. However, in the context of OSH, “harm” generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers. For example, repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard. The outcome could be a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) or an acute back or joint injury. The risk can be expressed numerically in relative terms:"high / medium / low".

Hazard analysis or hazard assessment is a process in which individual hazards of the workplace are identified, assessed and controlled / eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonable and possible. As technology, resources, social expectation or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis focuses controls more closely toward the source of the hazard. Thus hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention. Hazard-based programs also have the advantage of not assigning or impling there are "acceptable risks" in the workplace. A hazard-based program may not be able to eliminate all risks, but neither does it accept "satisfactory" - but still risky - outcomes. And as those who calculate and manage the risk are usually managers while those exposed to the risks are a different group, workers, a hazard-based approach can by-pass conflict inherent in a risk-based approach.

When a major hazard has been identified, the possible consequences in terms of risk to people and spread of damage must be assessed. Account needs to be taken of: The type of incident expected (fire, explosion, toxic release); The area or location of the incident in relation to neighbouring plants, storage areas and built-up areas; Prevailing winds; Areas most likely to be affected (known to insurers as the target areas); Population densities in the possible areas affected; Possible damage or contamination of drains, crops, water supplies; Possible 'domino' effects, i.e. an explosion in one area causing the release of flammable or toxic materials elsewhere; Possible effects of collapse of buildings and structures; Presence of radioactive sources.

Next one needs to examine how adequate the existing resources (first, works and second, local authority fire, ambulance and hospital services) are to handle the most serious foreseeable emergency, and then to decide in collaboration with outside services what further provision or action is needed.

D. 1. Prove the following statements:

Hazard control is a dynamic program of prevention.

Repetitively carrying out manual handling of heavy objects is a hazard.

D. 2. Explain the following statement:

“Harm” generally describes the direct or indirect degradation, temporary or permanent, of the physical, mental, or social well-being of workers.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. The solution must be purified. 2. Magnesium, iron and zink are able to take the oxygen from water. 3. The process may be affected by other factors. 4. The samples are to be analysed. 5. He is to take part in the conference. 6. The solution has to be diluted. 7. Wood can be broken and scratched. 8. Concrete cannot be cut and bent easily. 9. Man has only to use his intelligence in order to create conditions under which his talents can develop. 10. The liquid may become a gas which has no definite size. 11. The course of the reaction may be affected by these conditions.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. Public attention to the problem of pollution has now become part of the contemporary life. 2. Certain countries have already agreed to limit their carbon dioxide emissions. 3. People have always polluted their surroundings. 4. By the mid-1900's, pollution had affected the water in every major lake and river and the air over every major city in the United States and other industrial countries. 5. Since the late 1960's, millions, of people have become alarmed by the dangers of pollution.

B. 7. Translate the sentences paying attention to AS

1. I have done the work as it was required. 2. As there were many new words in the text I used a dictionary. 3. As to the computer it can handle enormous quantity of data per second. 4. The speed of the electrons is almost the same as the speed of light. 5. He obtained this substance as stated above. 6. Safety culture combines key issues such as personal commitment, responsibility, communication, etc. 7. As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it. 8. We ought to say that the discovery of atomic energy is as important as the discovery of fire.

C. 2. Read the text SAFETY HAZARDS STUDY

OSHA also conducted a small scale study to investigate the claim that hazardous waste inspections usually focus on health hazards rather than safety hazards. This was a concern to OSHA since employers reported to them that safety hazards are far more common than health hazards and are the cause of most recordable incidents. To address this claim, an information gathering study of safety hazards was undertaken at six hazardous waste sites in the United States. The objective of the study was to identify potential safety hazards and implemented control measures. These hazards were identified by observations of as many site activities as possible along with occasional interviews with site workers and safety representatives.

The following hazards were identified from the information gathering exercise:

• Electrical hazards - this included improper use of chords, damaged chords and unlabelled circuit breakers.

• Surface hazards - these included a lack of fall protection on elevated surfaces, and inadequate floor surfaces leading to slips and trips.

• General environmental controls - hazards involving general environmental controls such as confined spaces, lockout / tagout operations and sanitation were found to be common.

• Material handling equipment and motor vehicles - these included inappropriate use of heavy equipment on vehicles (leading to rollovers) and operating heavy equipment too close to power lines. In addition, site representatives reported that workers driving leased or rented vehicles were a source of many accidents. This was attributed to crossing dangerous road junctions and frequently falling asleep at the wheel.

chord хорда gather собирать	fall asleep заснуть frequently часто				along with вместе slip поскользнуться
wheel колесо	claim утверждать, требовать; претензия, требование
breaker выключатель junction перекресток power мощь, энергия		elevated возвышенный, приподнятый, надземный rent арендная плата, рента; брать / сдавать в аренду undertake – undertook – undertaken предпринимать
observation наблюдение trip поездка, путешествие			circuit цикл, кругооборот, цепь, контур, схема lease аренда, наем; сдавать или брать в аренду
occasional случайный, редкий rather than а не, вместо representative представитель tag out связывать, скреплять				attribute приписывать, относить за счет confine ограничивать, придерживаться improper неподходящий, неуместный rollover перекатывание, опрокидывание

inappropriate неуместный, неподходящий, неcooтветствующий

vehicle [′vi:ikl] перевозочное средство (автомобиль и т.д.)

C. 3. Translate the text Ergonomics in the workplace using a dictionary

Ergonomics is the scientific study of the relation between man and his working environment. These include anatomists, physiologists, psychologists, industrial medical officers, industrial hygienists, design engineers, work study engineers, architects, illuminating engineers and others. This society, the Ergonomics Research Society, founded in Britain, led to the formation of the International Ergonomics Association which held its first meeting in Stockholm in 1961.

Most of the activities included in the science of ergonomics had been studied for many years before the word was born. In the USA the terms 'Human Engineering' and 'Human Factors Engineering' are used to cover basically the same field. Biomechanics and Engineering Psychology are other expressions used. Ergonomics arose primarily from the military need during World War II to ensure that the weapons used were compatible with and properly matched to those who had to use them. This need brought together people of the various disciplines mentioned above and the realisation by them that an inter- disciplinary approach and grouping was needed. During the post-war years ergonomics has been increasingly applied in industry to improve performance, reduce human Stresses, and reduce or eliminate hazards at the man / machine interface.

E. 1. Choose the correct form

1. You must (attend, to attend) the meeting. 2. They are (solve, to solve) mathematical problems very quickly. 3. You needn’t (to go, go) to the Institute today. 4. He should (to be present, be present) at all the lectures. 5. You are (have, to have) an English test next week. 6. She had (take, to take) the book from the library. 7. You may (to read, read) this article. 8. He ought (to learn, learn) this rule.

E. 2. Choose the correct form

1. I (have / has) just finished my homework. 2. The plant (produce / produced) a great number of machines. 3. I (have / has) translated two articles and (have, has) done 3 exercises. 4. My brother (have, has) done his home-work and (is / are) reading a book. 5. He (studied / has studied) this subject last year. 6. He (studied, has studied) this problem and can answer your questions. 7. They (were / have been) to Moscow many times. 8. He (saw / has seen) this film on Sunday. 9. She (was / has been) in Kiev two months ago. 10. He (makes / made) this experiment a week ago. 11. Such properties as fire resistance and heat conductivity (is / are) characteristic of all metals.