Underground railways

Ex.1. Practice the reading.

► ou, ow

▪ amount, council, dismount, announce, discount, fountain, soundproof, compound, layout, output, found, pronounce, about, bounty, accountancy, shout, proud, boundary, aloud, arouse, paramount, power, crowd, downtown, gown, glower, powder;

▪ owing, own, narrow, borrow, rainbow, arrow, shallow, blow, flow, follow, grow, below;

▪ BUT: group, route, could, would, should, acoustic; double, couple, trouble, country, touch, courage; soul

► ere, ure, are, ire (yre), ore

▪ merely, atmosphere, here, sincere, adhere;

▪ cure, demure, premature, secure, endure, purely, mature;

▪ declare, software, carefully, beware, barely, prepare, compare, square, share, fare, rarely, mare, aware, stare, dare;

▪ desire, tire, tyre, entire, requirement, hire, firework, esquire, satire, wireless, retired, acquire, inquire;

▪ core, explore, moreover, restore, store, therefore, score, bore, semaphore, shore, adore

Words and word combinations to be remembered

1) to accommodate – вмещать

2) capacity – мощность, вместимость, грузоподъемность

carrying capacity – пропускная способность

3) to carry out – выполнять, осуществлять

4) to control – управлять

control – управление

5) to cost – стоить

cost – цена, стоимость

costs – расходы, издержки

6) current – ток

alternating current (a. c.) – переменный ток

direct current (d. c.) – постоянный ток

7) to damage – повреждать, причинять ущерб

damage – повреждение, ущерб

8) empty – пустой, порожний

9) to ensure – гарантировать; обеспечивать

10) fleet – парк (подвижного состава)

11) to follow – следовать, соблюдать (правила)

12) to heat –обогревать

heating – отопление

13) length – длина, протяженность

14) to install – устанавливать

installation – установка

15) to introduce – внедрять, вводить (в эксплуатацию)

introduction – внедрение, ввод

16) to maintain – эксплуатировать, содержать в технически исправном состоянии;

поддерживать

maintenance – содержание в технически исправном состоянии, эксплуатация

17) to protect – защищать

protection – защита

18) to reduce – сокращать

reduction – сокращение

19) safe – безопасный

safety – безопасность

20) surface – наземный; поверхность

21) total – полный, общий, целый

22) therefore – поэтому, следовательно

23) volume – объем

Ex.2. Describe the relationship between the following words (antonyms, synonyms, neither).

1) total/ overall/ all 6) to ensure/ to guarantee 11) to protect/ to produce

2) surface/ underground 7) to install/ to dismantle 12) empty/ full

3) safe/ dangerous 8) increase/ reduction 13) to reduce/ to decrease

4) length/ height/ weight 9) capacity/ power 14) to carry out/ to fulfil

5) to carry/ to carry out 10) to damage/ to destroy 15) to perform/ to implement

Ex.3. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the italicized words.

1) The total area of the Earth surface is about 500 million square kilometers. 2) New freight transportation rates have been recently introduced in this country. 3) Air-conditioning system in a railway car ensures constant supply of fresh air in hot weather and heating the entire saloon in cold weather. 4) The maintenance cost of a diesel locomotive is three times greater than that of an electric locomotive. 5) The frequency of electric current is 50 Hz in Europe and 60 Hz in the USA. 6) He drove through streets empty of traffic. 7) An impact-resistant windscreen will reduce the risk of injury to the driver in the case of any accident. 8) The damaged ship was being towed into the harbor when the towline broke. 9) The railway line follows the river for several miles. 10) These electric wires are protected by a rubber covering. 11) The task of traffic police is to provide safety on roads. 12) Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of carrying freight over long distances. 13) If you buy more than 10 books we'll reduce the cost of each book by 10%. 14) I am afraid it isn't possible to install central heating because your house is too old. 15) Safety belts can lower the risk of trauma in road accident.

Ex.4. Translate the words given in the box. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words. Be careful with Grammar.

безопасный вместимость внедрение длина защита наземный общий отопление поэтому

пропускная способность расходы соблюдать стоимость уменьшать устанавливать частота движения

1) In some countries there are special paths for bicycles which make cycling a ___ means of transport. 2) On this dangerous section of track trains usually ___ their speed. 3) Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and ___ of passenger coaches. 4) After the reconstruction of the railway, the speed of trains will be increased and ___ of the line will be raised.5) Every driver must ___ the traffic rules. 6) ___ of a better technology will save both time and labor. 7) This equipment should be carried in box cars because it requires ___ against the weather. 8) There is a lot of snow, ___ the trains might be late. 9) This tank has ___ of 40 liters. 10) The ___ station of the Samara Metro is called“Yungorodok”. 11) The ___ length of all railway lines in Russia is equal to three times the ___ of the Equator. 12) The ___ of operating a line depends on the weight of the trains, a number of stops, ___ and other factors.13) Large electric diagrams showing the routes of trains are ___ in the London Underground. 14) Our ___ have doubled in the last five years as a result of the increase in oil prices.

Ex.5. Replace the Russian words by their English equivalents. Be careful with Grammar. Translate the sentences.

1) You must [уменьшать] the speed on slippery roads in winter. 2) The ore is [перевозить] from the mine to the processing plant by ship. 3) You need extra [отопление] in the house – especially during the winter months. 4) The project of the Helsinki-St. Petersburg railway reconstruction envisages [рельсовый путь] modernization and the [установка] of the [безопасность] systems and remote control systems. 5) The [вместимость] of the lorry was large enough to hold a motor car. 6) The trains operating on the underground lines are provided with low voltage [прямой ток]. 7) The total [протяжённость] of the bridge built across the Volga at Saratov is about 2 miles. 8) This automobile can be used as a route taxi because it [вмещать] 10 passengers. 9) The USA ranks first in the world in the [объём] of freight traffic. 10) After the reconstruction of this line track maintenance [стоимость] will be greatly [уменьшать]. 11) The automatic train [управление] facilitates the work of a locomotive driver and [обеспечивать] more reliable [движение] of a train. 12) Both [прямой] and [переменный ток] may be used on electrified railways. 13) New models of lightweight carriages have been [вводить в эксплуатацию] on the Japanese Railways. They consume 50% less [энергия] than the old models. 14) In the 19^th century the railway tunnels were made as small as possible to reduce construction [расходы].

Ex.6. Choose the correct word and translate the sentences.

1) Although the gas-turbine engine is smaller and lighter than the diesel engine, it has greater [volume; service life; capacity; cost].

2) The driver of the bus is responsible for his passengers’ [costs; fares; maintenance; safety].

3) The passengers were informed of the flight’s [delay; damage; protection; length].

4) An experimental undersea telephone cable in the Canary Islands had to be lifted from the ocean floor three times because it was [protected; installed; damaged; maintained] by sharks.

5) This equipment should be carried in a box car for it requires [protection; heating; safety; damage] against the weather.

6) Automatic ticket-selling machines are being [controlled, installed; protected; carried] at the large terminals for the improvement of passenger service.

7) Fasten your [total; control; protection; safety] belts and don't smoke – the plane is taking off!

8) The telephone lines [installed; ensured; damaged; introduced] in the last night’s storm are being repaired.

9) One trip in the New York subway [costs; accommodates; lasts; carries out] between 85 cents and $2.25

10) People should start and finish work at different time to [reduce; increase; maintain; follow] the peak hour traffic jams.