- •Министерство путей сообщения Российской Федерации
- •Подписано в печать Формат 60х84 1/16. Бумага писчая. Печать офсетная. Усл. П. Л.
- •Mind the prepositions
- •About after at [3] for [2] from in [3] into [2] of [7] on to [2] with [3]
- •Grammar review
- •Present, Past, Future Indefinite Active and Passive)
- •Lilliputian train*
- •Samara state railway academy
- •A) The school I went to
- •B) Entering the Academy
- •C) You are a freshman now
- •Cambridge
- •Students' life
- •1) What are students “sconced” [штрафовать] for?
- •2) What do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a student whom they come up to runs away?
- •3) In what case is “Boredom Button” pushed?
- •Traveling by train
- •Mind the prepositions
- •1) В час пик a) a four- or five-car set
- •According to at [3] by [3] for [6] forward to from [3] in [5] on [6] of [3] to [4] with without
- •Grammar review (Modal verbs and their equivalents; Present, Past, Future Continuous Active and Passive)
- •On the platform
- •Mistaken identity (after m. Twain)
- •To arrive to catch to cost to get to go to leave to reach to take
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Dialogue 3
- •Dialogue 4
- •The man who took notice of all the notices
- •How to avoid travelling (after g. Mikes)
- •4.50 From paddington (after a. Christie)
- •From the history of railway transport
- •Mind the prepositions
- •According to [4] as far as [2] because of [2] by means of [3] due to in addition to [2] in front of in order to [3] on account of owing to in spite of [3]
- •About at [2] before by [4] for from [3] on of [2] to [4] with
- •Grammar review
- •(Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
- •Present, Past, Future Perfect Active and Passive)
- •From the history of railway transport Part 1
- •(A) начало строительства железных дорог в россии
- •(B) the oldest railway in russia
- •The stephenson family
- •The brunels family
- •George westinghouse (1846 – 191
- •Casey jones (1864 – 1900)
- •The trans-siberian mainline
- •The rise and fall of the american rail system
- •Underground railways
- •Grammar review (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Active and Passive; Participle I, Participle II)
- •8) If ___ alone, the dog could spoil many things at home.
- •10) When ___ the street, be careful at the crossroads.
- •6) Having entered the room f) through the locked door.
- •Underground railways
- •London underground Part 1
- •Moscow underground
- •Метро в самаре
- •Modern railways
- •Mind the prepositions
- •Against [2] at because of for [2] in [2] instead of of [3] on with grammar review (Gerund; attributive groups)
- •To answer to change to finish to fly to go to help to install to lose to make to pass to pay to see to show to take part to take up to test to think
- •After [3] before [3] by [2] for [3] instead of on [2] without [4]
- •The analysis
- •1) Tractive stock a) курсы повышения квалификации
- •Российские железные дороги
- •Rio revives the commuter rail network
- •India’s railway project
- •Usa (Dallas) light rail* arrives in the lone star state
- •Tunnels and bridges
- •Движение исследование неудача оставаться [2] паром переходить приводить к проект следовать стоимость шум экстренный
- •Grammar review (Infinitive; Complex Object; Complex Subject; attributive groups)
- •Channel tunnel (Part 1)
- •(Part 2)
- •Progress in tunnel engineering
- •Bridge construction
- •Computers
- •Access e-mail error fax machine file hard disk keyboard mouse processing remote control rewind screen screen saver sounded spread switch on
- •Grammar review (Conditional Clauses. Different functions of the verbs to be and to have. Compound Conjunctions.)
- •Computer systems
- •Feed in english, print out in french
- •Heartless unfeeling soulless indifferent inhuman liable to error/ subject to error to provide an enormous variety of choice to reduce the element of risk it depends
- •Viruses and vaccines
- •Mother should have warned you!
- •Hackers of today
- •Keep clicking!
- •Surfing the net
- •10 Программистов
- •How modern are you? (pop quiz)
- •Add up your score and read the analysis
- •The analysis
- •Supplementary texts
- •[1] Railways
- •[2] Passenger transportation in the usa
- •[3] The battle of the gauges Part 1
- •[4] Development of american railroads
- •[5] Sleeping cars in the usa
- •[6] Monorail
- •[7] Street railway*
- •[8] Building the railroad
- •[9] French transport
- •[10] Australian transport
- •[11] Сhinese railways
- •[12] Japanese transportation
- •[13] Railroad modernization
- •[14] Advances in transportation
- •[15] Bridges
- •[16] Charles babbage (1792–1871)
- •[17] Automation in transportation.
- •Краткий грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Глагол to be
- •§ 2. Глагол to have
- •§ 4. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 5. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 6. Основные формы глагола
- •§ 7. Времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах
- •Спряжение глагола to ask в действительном залоге
- •Перевод глагола to write в разных временах
- •Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге
- •§ 8. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 9. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 10. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (Equivalents of Modal Verbs)
- •§ 11. Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •§ 12. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях
- •Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях с простым сказуемым
- •§ 13. Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях
- •§ 14. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного (The Possessive Case)
- •§ 15. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)
- •§ 16. Личные и притяжательные местоимения (Personal and Possessive Pronouns)
- •§ 17. Причастие (The Participle)
- •Participle I
- •1) Часть составного глагольного сказуемого в Continuous.
- •Participle II
- •1) Часть составного глагольного сказуемого.
- •§ 18. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •§ 19. Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении
- •§ 20. Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении
- •§ 21. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •§ 22. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное дополнение” (The Complex Object)
- •§ 23. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное подлежащее” (The Complex Subject)
- •§ 24. Условные предложения
- •§ 25. Разные способы выражения определения в английском языке
- •Список использованной литературы
§ 8. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
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he works (is working) работает (одновременное действие) |
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He says(that)… |
he worked (was working) работал (предшествующее действие) |
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he will work(will be working)будет работать (будущее действие) |
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he worked (was working) работает (одновременное действие) |
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He said(that)… |
he had worked работал (предшествующее действие) |
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he would work(would be working) будет работать (будущее действие) |
§ 9. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
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Present |
Past |
Future |
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must должен All drivers must follow the traffic rules. – Все водители должны соблюдать правила дорожного движения. |
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can мочь, уметь He can drive a car. – Он умеет водить машину. |
could смог, мог, сумел He could not start his car. – Он не смог завести машину. |
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may мочь, иметь разрешение You may use my mobile telephone. – Ты можешь воспользоваться моим мобильным телефоном. |
might смог, сумел, разрешили He said that the train might be late. – Он сказал, что поезд может опоздать. I was told that I might come in. – Мне сказали, что я могу (мне разрешили) войти. |
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should следует, должен, нужно He should be more attentive. – Ему следует быть внимательнее. |
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need (not) можете не, не нужно; нужно ли? You need not come here tomorrow. – Можете не приходить сюда завтра. You needn’t buy any tickets; the admission is free. – Билеты не нужно покупать; вход – свободный. |
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§ 10. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (Equivalents of Modal Verbs)
must = to have to, to be to
can = to be able to
may = to be allowed to
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
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have to has to должен, приходится He has to work hard. – Ему приходится много работать. |
had to должен был, пришлось He had to work hard. – Ему пришлось много работать. |
shall have to will have to придётся He will have to work hard. – Ему придётся много работать. |
|
am to is to are to должен, вынужден The train is to arrive at 5. – Поезд должен прийти в 5. |
was to were to должен был, вынужден был The train was to arrive at 5. – Поезд должен был прибыть в 5. |
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am able to is able to are able to мочь, уметь He is able to run 10 km. – Он может пробежать 10 км. |
was able to were able to смог, сумел He was able to run 10 km. – Он смог пробежать 10 км. |
shall be able to will be able to сможет, сумеет He will be able to run 10 km. – Он сможет пробежать 10 км. |
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am allowed to is allowed to are allowed to мочь, иметь разрешение She is allowed to operate the computer. – Ей разрешают работать на компьютере. |
was allowed to were allowed to разрешили She was allowed to operate the computer. – Ей разрешили поработать на компьютере. |
shall be allowed to will be allowed to сможем, разрешат She will be allowed to operate the computer. – Ей разрешат поработать на компьютере. |