After [3] before [3] by [2] for [3] instead of on [2] without [4]

Ex.11. Read and translate the following sentences. State the function of gerunds.

1) Fences and other devices are built for protectingthe tracks against snow and forkeepingthe livestock away from the railway. 2) They insisted onexamininggoods before loading. 3) There was still some hope ofcatching the last train. 4)Workingon the computer requires much attention. 5) One of the very first railways in the USA, which was 3 miles in length, used horses forpullingwagons. 6) Onenteringthe compartment a man introduced himself to his fellow travelers. 7)Using computers will enable us to increase the efficiency of work. 8) Instead ofincreasing fares the Railway Management should concentrate onreducingits costs andimprovingits efficiency. 9) In 1996 several Asian countries founded the Pan-Asian railway organization with the aim ofuniting their individual railways into a continuous network. 10) Afterlaying sleepers upon the roadbed, the workers beganfastening the rails to them. 11) The first steps indesigning robot engine driver for heavy high-speed trains were made in 1960s. 12) As the railways have a standard gauge now, it is possible for passengers to travel over several lines withoutchangingcars. 13)Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic aircraft will take two hours. 14) As the seats in Metro cars are arranged in rows on both sides of the carriage, the passengers can easily take their seats withoutcausingtrouble to other people. 15) He made a lot of money bybuyingtickets in advance andsellingthem for twice the price on the day of the train departure. 16) A long tunnel was bored through the mountain butlaying railway tracks in this tunnel was not planned. 17) The motor has broken fromoverheating. 18) This car needsfuellingevery 300 miles.

Ex.12. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1) Подъемный кран – это механическое устройство, которое используется для поднятия [to lift] грузов. 2) Он ушёл, на подождав нас. 3) Было решено [to decide] реконструировать вокзал вместо того, чтобы строить новый. 4) Стоимость перевозки пассажиров и грузов можно уменьшить путём [by means of] увеличения длины и веса поездов. 5) После проведения эксперимента ты должен проветрить [to ventilate] лабораторию. 6) Метод управления движением всех поездов на линии с центрального пункта называется диспетчерской централизацией. 7) Лететь на самолете быстрее, но он предпочитает путешествовать поездом. 8) Количество рабочих было уменьшено после установки нового оборудования. 9) Много лет инженеры пытались найти новый материал для производства шпал.

Ex.13. Answer the following questions. Pay attention to gerunds in different functions.

1) Do you realize the importance of learningforeign languages? What about your friends? Do you have much experience inspeakingEnglish?

2) Do you take much interest in readingEnglish books in the original?

3) What ways of learningwords do you find most effective?

4) How can you improve your English if you haven’t much chance of speakingit?

5) Do you remember takingthe first entrance exam? What do you remember about the day?

6) Which do you like better, askingquestions oransweringthem?

7) What films do you consider worth seeing?

8) What are you fond of doing?

9) What is your friend busy doingnow?

10) Do you enjoy traveling by air? Why?

11) Do you prefer travelingby first class carriages or by second class ones? Why?

12) What are you looking forward to?

13) What arrangements do you make before startingon a holiday?

14) You book a ticket in advance instead of leavingit to the last day, don’t you?

15) Do you ever go to another town without sayinggood-bye to your friends?

16) What do you do on arrivingat the place where you are going to spend your holiday?

17) What do you do to enjoy yourself during a holiday besides swimmingorlyingin the sun?

18) You gain a lot by visitingdifferent places of interest, don’t you?

Ex.14. TEST.

By means of this test find out more about yourself and your acquaintances.

Are you extrovert or an introvert?

1) You are invited to the party. What is your reaction?

a) Good! I enjoy goingto the parties because I have a hope ofmeetingsome new people.

b) I don’t want to go! Nobody spoke to me at the last party.

c) I like goingto the parties because I likebeing the center of attention.

2) You are at the party. Everyone is telling jokes.

a) You are capable of tellingdozens of jokes.

b) You manage to remember a couple of jokes.

c) You can’t think of a single joke or avoid tellingsomething in public.

3) You realize that you have nothing planned for Saturday evening.

a) You are frantic. You hate spendingspare time alone. You ring some friends up and arrange an outing to the cinema.

b) You think, “It is time I have an evening in.”

c) You think, “It’s a good opportunity of readingmy new library book.”

4) Do you like risks?

a) Sometimes.

b) Never.

c) Often.

5) You are asked to help organize a group excursion.

a) You accept willingly. You are sure that you are capable of organizingthe excursion perfectly well.

b) You hesitate for a moment and then accept.

c) You are terrified. You refuse.

6) How do you spend most of your leisure time?

a) By yourself.

b) With one or two friends.

c) With a group.

7) Do you ever think about the meaning of life?

a) Sometimes.

b) Often

c) Never. I’m too busy living.

8) Do you find it easy to make decisions?

a) It depends.

b) It is always easy to decide.

c) I can never make my mind.

9) You have a new boy-friend/girl-friend. Your friends tease you about him/her and make jokes.

a) You don’t pay attention to their words.

b) You can’t help smiling. You don’t mindbeing teased.

c) You are embarrassed. You don’t like people makingfun of you.

10) Somebody in your group is saying horrible things about you.

a) You get worried about it.

b) You don’t care what they say.

c) You begin sayinghorrible things about them.

ADD UP YOUR SCORE AND READ THE ANALYSIS

	a	b	c		a	b	C
1.	3	1	5	6.	1	3	5
2.	5	3	1	7.	3	1	5
3.	5	3	1	8.	3	5	1
4.	3	1	5	9.	5	3	1
5.	5	3	1	10.	1	5	3