- •Министерство путей сообщения Российской Федерации
- •Подписано в печать Формат 60х84 1/16. Бумага писчая. Печать офсетная. Усл. П. Л.
- •Mind the prepositions
- •About after at [3] for [2] from in [3] into [2] of [7] on to [2] with [3]
- •Grammar review
- •Present, Past, Future Indefinite Active and Passive)
- •Lilliputian train*
- •Samara state railway academy
- •A) The school I went to
- •B) Entering the Academy
- •C) You are a freshman now
- •Cambridge
- •Students' life
- •1) What are students “sconced” [штрафовать] for?
- •2) What do the so-called “Bulldogs” do if a student whom they come up to runs away?
- •3) In what case is “Boredom Button” pushed?
- •Traveling by train
- •Mind the prepositions
- •1) В час пик a) a four- or five-car set
- •According to at [3] by [3] for [6] forward to from [3] in [5] on [6] of [3] to [4] with without
- •Grammar review (Modal verbs and their equivalents; Present, Past, Future Continuous Active and Passive)
- •On the platform
- •Mistaken identity (after m. Twain)
- •To arrive to catch to cost to get to go to leave to reach to take
- •Dialogue 1
- •Dialogue 2
- •Dialogue 3
- •Dialogue 4
- •The man who took notice of all the notices
- •How to avoid travelling (after g. Mikes)
- •4.50 From paddington (after a. Christie)
- •From the history of railway transport
- •Mind the prepositions
- •According to [4] as far as [2] because of [2] by means of [3] due to in addition to [2] in front of in order to [3] on account of owing to in spite of [3]
- •About at [2] before by [4] for from [3] on of [2] to [4] with
- •Grammar review
- •(Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
- •Present, Past, Future Perfect Active and Passive)
- •From the history of railway transport Part 1
- •(A) начало строительства железных дорог в россии
- •(B) the oldest railway in russia
- •The stephenson family
- •The brunels family
- •George westinghouse (1846 – 191
- •Casey jones (1864 – 1900)
- •The trans-siberian mainline
- •The rise and fall of the american rail system
- •Underground railways
- •Grammar review (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Active and Passive; Participle I, Participle II)
- •8) If ___ alone, the dog could spoil many things at home.
- •10) When ___ the street, be careful at the crossroads.
- •6) Having entered the room f) through the locked door.
- •Underground railways
- •London underground Part 1
- •Moscow underground
- •Метро в самаре
- •Modern railways
- •Mind the prepositions
- •Against [2] at because of for [2] in [2] instead of of [3] on with grammar review (Gerund; attributive groups)
- •To answer to change to finish to fly to go to help to install to lose to make to pass to pay to see to show to take part to take up to test to think
- •After [3] before [3] by [2] for [3] instead of on [2] without [4]
- •The analysis
- •1) Tractive stock a) курсы повышения квалификации
- •Российские железные дороги
- •Rio revives the commuter rail network
- •India’s railway project
- •Usa (Dallas) light rail* arrives in the lone star state
- •Tunnels and bridges
- •Движение исследование неудача оставаться [2] паром переходить приводить к проект следовать стоимость шум экстренный
- •Grammar review (Infinitive; Complex Object; Complex Subject; attributive groups)
- •Channel tunnel (Part 1)
- •(Part 2)
- •Progress in tunnel engineering
- •Bridge construction
- •Computers
- •Access e-mail error fax machine file hard disk keyboard mouse processing remote control rewind screen screen saver sounded spread switch on
- •Grammar review (Conditional Clauses. Different functions of the verbs to be and to have. Compound Conjunctions.)
- •Computer systems
- •Feed in english, print out in french
- •Heartless unfeeling soulless indifferent inhuman liable to error/ subject to error to provide an enormous variety of choice to reduce the element of risk it depends
- •Viruses and vaccines
- •Mother should have warned you!
- •Hackers of today
- •Keep clicking!
- •Surfing the net
- •10 Программистов
- •How modern are you? (pop quiz)
- •Add up your score and read the analysis
- •The analysis
- •Supplementary texts
- •[1] Railways
- •[2] Passenger transportation in the usa
- •[3] The battle of the gauges Part 1
- •[4] Development of american railroads
- •[5] Sleeping cars in the usa
- •[6] Monorail
- •[7] Street railway*
- •[8] Building the railroad
- •[9] French transport
- •[10] Australian transport
- •[11] Сhinese railways
- •[12] Japanese transportation
- •[13] Railroad modernization
- •[14] Advances in transportation
- •[15] Bridges
- •[16] Charles babbage (1792–1871)
- •[17] Automation in transportation.
- •Краткий грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Глагол to be
- •§ 2. Глагол to have
- •§ 4. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 5. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 6. Основные формы глагола
- •§ 7. Времена групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах
- •Спряжение глагола to ask в действительном залоге
- •Перевод глагола to write в разных временах
- •Спряжение глагола to ask в страдательном залоге
- •§ 8. Согласование времён (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 9. Модальные глаголы (Modal Verbs)
- •§ 10. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов (Equivalents of Modal Verbs)
- •§ 11. Порядок слов в утвердительных предложениях
- •§ 12. Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях
- •Порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях с простым сказуемым
- •§ 13. Порядок слов в отрицательных предложениях
- •§ 14. Притяжательный падеж имени существительного (The Possessive Case)
- •§ 15. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)
- •§ 16. Личные и притяжательные местоимения (Personal and Possessive Pronouns)
- •§ 17. Причастие (The Participle)
- •Participle I
- •1) Часть составного глагольного сказуемого в Continuous.
- •Participle II
- •1) Часть составного глагольного сказуемого.
- •§ 18. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •§ 19. Функции слов с окончанием -ing в предложении
- •§ 20. Функции слов с окончанием -ed в предложении
- •§ 21. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •§ 22. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное дополнение” (The Complex Object)
- •§ 23. Инфинитивная конструкция “Сложное подлежащее” (The Complex Subject)
- •§ 24. Условные предложения
- •§ 25. Разные способы выражения определения в английском языке
- •Список использованной литературы
Российские железные дороги
Россия – одна из стран мира с сильно развитым железнодорожным транспортом. Сеть железных дорог пронизывает страну с севера на юг и с запада на восток. Стальные магистрали соединяют самые отдалённые регионы страны с центром. Железная дорога – наиболее популярный вид как грузовых, так и пассажирских перевозок.
Поезда дальнего следования, как правило, приспособлены на пребывание в них и в дневное время, и в вечернее время, и имеют 1-2 вагона-ресторана. Расстояние от одной конечной станции маршрута до другой может быть таким большим, что пассажирам приходится проводить в одном и том же поезде до 8-10 дней. В случае если нет прямого поезда до места назначения, необходимо делать пересадку на узловых станциях. Часто нестыковка времени прибытия и отхода поездов прибавляет дополнительные часы и усложняет саму поездку.
Поезда дальнего следования бывают двух типов: скорые и пассажирские. Пассажирские поезда останавливаются даже на самых маленьких станциях.
Есть ещё один тип поездов, которые в своём составе имеют пассажирские вагоны – это почтовые поезда. Поездки на них тянутся долго, и такие вагоны очень редко встречаются на современных железных дорогах.
Между расположенными недалеко друг от друга городами ходят электрички, перевозя пассажиров из дома на работу и обратно. Утром и вечером они ходят чаще, чем днём, и между 12 часами ночи и 5 часами утра – перерыв.
TEXT B
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
Rio revives the commuter rail network
Rio de Janeiro’s suburban railway network has a long history of deterioration. It could have disappeared entirely by now but for the fact that it was privatized in 1998. SuperVia (the new private owner of the Rio commuter network) began the slow process of reviving railway network. SuperVia inherited a large number of serious problems. Signaling did not work properly. Only 35 out of a fleet of 180 four-car trains were operational, some of them only barely. The condition of the track was poor, and only 50% of all journeys were completed, such was the frequency of breakdowns. Several accidents that occurred soon after privatization also gave SuperVia a very bad public reputation at the outset, but the company quickly took measures. The worst sections of track were replaced and the others were upgraded. Besides, SuperVia began rebuilding emus* and this work has increased the number of the working emus to 126 trains, while another 48 emus are currently being restored. All the new and rebuilt emus are air-conditioned, an important design element in the tropical climate of Rio. In addition, 20 km of rails, 50,000 sleepers and 83 switches** have been replaced. The system of power supply is being upgraded and all 30 stations are being refurbished***. Drainage has also been improved to overcome serious flooding problems, which have halted traffic in the past.
These measures have worked. Reputation of SuperVia is rapidly improving and passengers have begun to come back. In 1998 the network carried just 170,000 passengers a day but in 2003 traffic has reached 300,000 riders a day. The ultimate aim is to increase passenger traffic to 1.4 million customers.
SuperVia’s image has been restored to such extent that the newly elected left-wing state government, opposed in principle to privatization, has admitted that the operator is doing a really good job!
Notes: *emu (electric-multiple unit) – электричка
**switch – стрелочный перевод
***to refurbish – реставрировать, модернизировать, обновить
Ex.24. Choose the appropriate word combinations to complete the sentences.
1) Having privatized Rio’s suburban railway network, SuperVia…
a) increased fares. b) began refurbishing emus. c) fired all locomotive drivers.
2) SuperVia had to replace…
a) the system of power supply. b) the system of signaling. c) the worst sections of track.
3) The new and rebuilt emus are equipped with…
a) air-conditioning systems. b) computers and fax machines. c) long-distance telephones.
4) In 1998 the railway network carried…
a) 1.4 million riders a day. b) 170,000 passengers a month. c) 170,000 customers a day.
5) The ultimate aim of SuperVia is…
a) to increase the number of employees. b) to increase passenger traffic. c) to increase `train fare.
TEXT C
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.