608 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

and tailoring specificity and functionality. The myriad of monoclonal antibody structures that can be designed and obtained in different formats from various production systems (bacterial, mammalian, and plants) represents a challenge for the recovery and purification of novel immunotherapeutics (3). However, the general use in clinical practice of antibody therapeutics is dependent not only on the availability of products with required efficacy but also on the costs of therapy. As a rule, a significant percentage (50–80%) of the total manufacturing cost of a therapeutic antibody is incurred during downstream processing. The critical challenges posed by the production of novel antibody therapeutics include improving process economics and efficiency to reduce costs, and fulfilling increasingly demanding quality criteria for FDA approval.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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See also BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY.

MOSFET. See ION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS.

MRI. See MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

MUSCLE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY. See

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY.

MUSCLE TESTING, REHABILITATION AND. See

REHABILITATION AND MUSCLE TESTING.

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISABILITIES. See

REHABILITATION, ORTHOTICS FOR.